Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS

Question 1

T/F
- mtDNA is linear
- mtDNA has fewer genes and base pairs
- mtDNA is only inherited from the father
- mtDNA has a lower mutation rate
- mtDNA is only 3% non-coding
- there is more mtDNA per cell than nuclear DNA

Answer 1

F - circular
T
F - from mother
F - higher mutation rate
T
T

Question 2

what is the mito theory of aging

Answer 2

decline in mito function leads to aging

Question 3

how does mito damage lead to aging

Answer 3

damage leads to accumulation of ROS = oxidative damage and mtDNA mutation = mito dysfunction

Question 4

T/F ROS are highly reactive because they have an unpaired e-, making them unstable

Answer 4

T

Question 5

What cells produce ROS

Answer 5

aerobic cells

Question 6

What is the free radical theory of aging

Answer 6

accumulation of ROS damages DNA and causes aging

Question 7

What is not a factor that causes oxidative stress and damages DNA?
- nuclear radiation and UV
- smoking and pollution
- alcoholism and obesity
- inflammation and mitochondria

Answer 7

• alcohol and obesity

Question 8

What is the protein biomarker of ROS

Answer 8

protein carbonyls (PCs) from protein carbonylation

Question 9

What is the lipid biomarker of ROS

Answer 9

MDA or Isoprostone from lipid peroxidation

Question 10

What is the carb biomarker of ROS

Answer 10

Advanced glycation end product (AGE)

Question 11

What is the DNA biomarker of ROS

Answer 11

8-oxoGuo

Question 12

Oxidative stress occurs when…

Answer 12

production of ROS and oxidative damage > ability to prevent and repair oxidative damage

Question 13

T/F dietary antioxidants do not help to decrease adverse effects of ROS

Answer 13

false, they do

Question 14

which is not an endogenous enzyme antioxidant
- uric acid
- SOD
- CAT
- GSH-Px

Answer 14

uric acid is non-enxyme

Question 15

which is not an endogenous non-enzyme antioxidant
- bilirubin
- vitamin E
- beta-carotene
- insulin

Answer 15

not insulin

Question 16

which is not an exogenous antioxidant (RSVP CEZ)
- resveratrol and selenium
- flavonoids and phenolic acid
- Vitamin C and E
- erythropoietin and zinc

Answer 16

not erythropoietin

Question 17

What is the PA ROS paradox

Answer 17

PA increases ROS but also increases anti-oxidants

Question 18

What role does ROS play in PA

Answer 18

role in cell signalling for adaptive responses, for regulation

Question 19

mitohormesis

Answer 19

low levels of ROS increase mito function

Question 20

Are anti-oxidants effective in physiological states? pathological states?

Answer 20

physiological: no, may even be harmful bc already low ROS levels
pathological: may be effective bc high ROS levels

Question 21

In studies, what are the findings on SOD and MDA levels in older adults?

Answer 21

SOD is lower (less defense), MDA is higher (more damage)

Question 22

What helped combat aging in PolG mice?

Answer 22

PA

Question 23

in mice, what delayed aging and increased lifespan?

Answer 23

eNAMPT