Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS Flashcards
T/F
- mtDNA is linear
- mtDNA has fewer genes and base pairs
- mtDNA is only inherited from the father
- mtDNA has a lower mutation rate
- mtDNA is only 3% non-coding
- there is more mtDNA per cell than nuclear DNA
F - circular
T
F - from mother
F - higher mutation rate
T
T
what is the mito theory of aging
decline in mito function leads to aging
how does mito damage lead to aging
damage leads to accumulation of ROS = oxidative damage and mtDNA mutation = mito dysfunction
T/F ROS are highly reactive because they have an unpaired e-, making them unstable
T
What cells produce ROS
aerobic cells
What is the free radical theory of aging
accumulation of ROS damages DNA and causes aging
What is not a factor that causes oxidative stress and damages DNA?
- nuclear radiation and UV
- smoking and pollution
- alcoholism and obesity
- inflammation and mitochondria
- alcohol and obesity
What is the protein biomarker of ROS
protein carbonyls (PCs) from protein carbonylation
What is the lipid biomarker of ROS
MDA or Isoprostone from lipid peroxidation
What is the carb biomarker of ROS
Advanced glycation end product (AGE)
What is the DNA biomarker of ROS
8-oxoGuo
Oxidative stress occurs when…
production of ROS and oxidative damage > ability to prevent and repair oxidative damage
T/F dietary antioxidants do not help to decrease adverse effects of ROS
false, they do
which is not an endogenous enzyme antioxidant
- uric acid
- SOD
- CAT
- GSH-Px
uric acid is non-enxyme
which is not an endogenous non-enzyme antioxidant
- bilirubin
- vitamin E
- beta-carotene
- insulin
not insulin
which is not an exogenous antioxidant (RSVP CEZ)
- resveratrol and selenium
- flavonoids and phenolic acid
- Vitamin C and E
- erythropoietin and zinc
not erythropoietin
What is the PA ROS paradox
PA increases ROS but also increases anti-oxidants
What role does ROS play in PA
role in cell signalling for adaptive responses, for regulation
mitohormesis
low levels of ROS increase mito function
Are anti-oxidants effective in physiological states? pathological states?
physiological: no, may even be harmful bc already low ROS levels
pathological: may be effective bc high ROS levels
In studies, what are the findings on SOD and MDA levels in older adults?
SOD is lower (less defense), MDA is higher (more damage)
What helped combat aging in PolG mice?
PA
in mice, what delayed aging and increased lifespan?
eNAMPT
