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Seksuologie > Theoretical perspectives on sexuality > Flashcards

Theoretical perspectives on sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

Sociobiology

A

The application of evolutionary biology to understand the social behavior of animals, including humans

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2
Q

Evolution

A

A theory that all living things have aqcuired their present forms through gradual changes in their genetic endowment over successive generations
- natural selection

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in nature resulting in greater rates of survival of those plants and animals that are best adapted to their environment

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4
Q

Healthy, viable offsprings

A
  • identifying healthy mates
  • courtship patterns
  • family structure and infant vulnerability
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5
Q

Parental investment

A

Behaviors or other investments in the offspring by the parent that increase the offspring’s chance of survival

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6
Q

Sexual selection

A

A specific type of selection that creates differences between males and females
- competition among same gender members (intrasexual)
- partner selection by the other member (intersexual)

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7
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Focuses on psychological mechanisms that have been shaped by evolution
- assumes that every characteristics we observe must have some adaptive significance

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8
Q

Sexual strategies

A
  • mating behavior is not random
  • women and men face different adaptive problems in short-term or casual mating and in long-term mating and reproduction
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9
Q

Patricia Gowaty

A
  • given varied environments, it is not adaptive for humans to display fixed behaviors - or fixed gender differences in behavior - determined by evolution (genderneutral evolutiontheory)
  • evolution has selected for flexibility and adaptability
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10
Q

Genderneutrale evolutietheorie
- Patricia Gowaty

A

Stelt dat gezien de gevieerde omgeving het niet adapteif is voor mensen om vaste gedragingen of vaste sekseverschillen in gedrag, te heebben dat bepaald is door de evolutie.

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11
Q

Freud
- psychoanalytische theorie

A

Human behavior is driven by sex drive or sex energy and death
- focus on varios regions of the body knows as erogenous zones
- id, ego, superego

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12
Q

Id, Ego and Superego

A

Id: present at birth, operates on the pleasure principle; contains libido
Ego: operates on the reality principle;exists to keep a check on id
Superego: operates on idealism; considered to be our conscious

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13
Q

Oral phase
- up to 1 year

A

Pleasure is derived from stimulating the lips and mouth

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14
Q

Anal phase
- year 2

A

Pleasure is derived from controlling bladder and bowel movement

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15
Q

Phallic phase
- 3-6 years

A

Child’s interest in its genital
- oedipus complex
- electra complex

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16
Q

Oedipus compelx

A

The sexual attraction of a boy to his mother. Fearing his father’s retaliation, he feels castration anxiety and eventually stops desiring his mother and shifts to identifying with his father.

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17
Q

Electra complex

A

The sexual attraction of a girl to her father. Girls stays immature, because the complex cannot be resolved
Girl realizes that she has no penis and cannot resolve it (penis envy)

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18
Q

Latency phase
- 6years to adolescence

A

Sexual impulses are repressed or are in a quiescent state.

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19
Q

Genital phase

A

Sexual urges reawaken in puberty. Sexual urges become more specifically genital. Oral, anal and genital urges fuse together to promote reproduction

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20
Q

Kritiek fases van Freud
- psychoanalystische theorie

A
  • veel aspecten zijn niet wetenschappeelijk te onderzoeken
  • data komt van patienten
  • te veel nadruk op biologische instincten
  • male-centered
    –> seks is nu wel een goed onderwerp voor onderzoek
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21
Q

Learning theory

A

Although much of human sexual behavior is biologically controlled, it is apparent that much of it is learned
- grew out of the behaviorism movement: observable behavior should be primary unit of analysis

22
Q

Classical conditioning
- Pavlov

A

A previously neutral stimilus (conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits and unconditioned response that is eventually evoked by the conditioned stimulus itself

23
Q

Operant conditioning
- Skinner

A

Reinforced behaviors increase in frequency; punished behaviors decrease
- consequences are most effective in shaping behavior when they occur immediately after the behavior
- compared with rewards, punishments are not very effective in shaping behavior

24
Q

Behavior modification

A

A set of operant conditioning techniques used to modify human behavior
- can be used to modify problematic sexual behaviors

25
Q

Social learning theory
- Bandura, Ross and Ross

A

Based on prinicples of operant conditioning
- we imitate behaviors that we observe in others
- adolescents exposed to more sexual content in movies take more sexual risks

26
Q

Social cognitive learning theory

A

Voegt cognitieve processen zoals self-efficacy toe. (zelfvertouwen en zelfverzekerdheid)

27
Q

Self-efficacy

A

A sense of competence at performing an activity
- cognitive social learning theory or social cognitive theory adds cognitive processes such as self-efficacy

28
Q

Social Exchange theory

A

Based on the principle of reinforcement, assumes that people will choose actions that maximize rewards and minimize costs

29
Q

Principles of social exchange theory

A
  • comparing the profits one relationship provides over alternative relationships
  • believing rewards are proportionate to costs in a relationship
  • men and women choosing mates who match them on physical and social characteristics (matching hypotheses)
30
Q

Cognitive theory

A

The study of the way people perceive and think
- what we think influences what we feel
- how we perceive a sexual event makes a difference

31
Q

Schema
- Sandra Bem

A

A general knowledge framework a person has about a particular topic
- gender schema: a set of attributes that we associate with males and females
- schemas filter out stereotype-inconsistent information, making them slow to change

32
Q

Feminist theory

A

Four of the essential assertions of feminist theory
- gender is a dimension of inequality (men more status and power)
- women’s sexuality has been respressed en depressed, but rarely expressed
- we would be better off without gender roles because of the ways they restrict people
- Interseciotnality

33
Q

Intersectionality

A

An approach that simultaneously considers a person’s multiple group memberships and identities, including gender, race, social class, and sexual orientatio

34
Q

Queer theory

A

Once a derogatory term, now re-appropraited with a positive meaning
- it challanges binaries especially the sexual orientation binary
- it challanges heteronormativit

35
Q

Heteronormativity

A

The belief that hetersexuality is the only pattern of sexuality that is normal and natural
- sociale normen bevoorrechten heteroseksualiteit en marginaliseren andere seksuele oriëntaties

36
Q

Performativity

A

A concept that comes out of feminist theory and queer theory, refers to ways in which we perform gender or sexuality based on society’s norms

37
Q

Symbolic interaction theory

A

Stelt dat de menselijke natuur en de sociale orde producten zijn van symboische communicatie tussen mensen. Bij veel vormen van seksuele expressie moeten twee mensen een definitie van de situatie ontwikkelen. Om hun acties op elkaar af te stemmen en om overeenstemming te bereiken, moeten mensen voortdurend oude betekenissen bevestigen of nieuwe onderhandelen

38
Q

Kritiek symbolic interaction theory

A
  • te rationeel
  • other-directed individuals: het lijkt alsof we als persoon enkel bezig zijn met de ander, en deze willen plezieren
  • mensen gedragen zich op basis van ervaringen in het verleden en gewoontes
39
Q

Critical race theory

A

A theoretical framework that can be used to examine the ways in which race and racism have an impact on social strucures and institutions
- race is not a biological fact but is socially constructed
- institutions contribute to the constructions of race categories

40
Q

Institutional racism

A

Refers to the policies of institutions such as government, business, and the law, that advantage some racial groups and disadvantage others

41
Q

Intersectionality

A

Highlights the intersection of race with gender and the intersection of race with sexual orientation

42
Q

Symbolic interaction theory

A

Human nature and the social order are products of symbolic communication among people
- in many forms of sexual expression, two people must develop a definition of the situation

43
Q

Script theory

A
  • Sexual behavior, like any other form of behavior, is social behavior
  • Sexual behavior is a result of elaborate prior learning that teaches us an etiquette of sexual behavior
  • This theory is most concerned with explaining ‘with whom people have sex, when, where, what they should do sexually, and why’
  • Scripts are plans that people carry in their heads for what they are going to do
  • Scripts also tell us the meaning we should attach to a particular sexual event
44
Q

Three levels of scripts

A
  1. cultural scripts include all rules and norms of sexual behaviors in a culture
  2. interpersonal scripts draw on cultural scripts and consist of people’s responses in the real world
  3. intrapsychic scripts included the plans, fantasies and motives that guide a person’s past, current, and future sexual behavior
45
Q

Three assimptions of social institutions

A
  • every society regulates the sexuality of its members
  • approapriateness/inappropriateness of a particualr sexual behavior depends on the culture in which it occurs
  • basic institution affect the rules governing sexuality
  • religion
  • economy
  • family
  • medicine (medicalization of sexuality)
  • law
46
Q

Medicalization of sexuality

A

Certain sexual behvaiors or conditions are defined in terms of health and illness; and problematic experiences or practices are given medical treatment

47
Q

Big five

A

Algemene persoonliijkheidsfactoren gerelateerd aan seksueeel gedrag, in het bijzonder extraversie en agreeableness

48
Q

Erotrofilie

A

Positieve kijk op seks

49
Q

Erotofobie

A

Negatieve kijk op seks

50
Q

Sensatiezoeken

A

De neiging om spannende en risicovolle activiteiten te ondernemen. Dit kan een genetische basis zijn, namlijk door dopamine D4-receptoren

51
Q

Socioseksualiteit

A

Zegt iets over iemands bereidhed om seks te hebben zonder toewijding of een emotionele connectie
- restircted orientation: seks met toewijding en emotionele connectie
- unrestricted orientation: zonder toewijding/emotionele connectie

Seksuologie (22 decks)

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