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Seksuologie > Sexuality and the life cycle > Flashcards

Sexuality and the life cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Data sources

A
  • interviews of children (Kinsey) or adolescents
  • surveys among adults (retrospective data)
  • observations
  • taking computer interviews
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2
Q

Attachment

A

A psychological bond that forms between an infant and the parent/other caregiver
- quality of the relationship can be very important for a child’s capacity for later sexual and emotional relationships

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3
Q

Self stimulation

A
  • Infants have been observed fondling their genitals
  • between 6-12 months, infants discover their genitals by unintentionally touching them
  • Orgasm from self-stimulation is possible, but before pruberty cannot ejaculate
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4
Q

Child-chilld sexual encounters

A
  • Initially infants are self-centered by age 4/5 children become more social
  • boys and girls may hug or hold hands
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5
Q

Infancy and the preschool years
- birth - 4 years

A
  • physical contact
  • to examine own body parts
  • being curious about bodies
  • to use ‘dirty’ words
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6
Q

Preschool years

A

In the preschool years, children begin to develop a simple understanding of sexuality
- interested in viewing people nude, postures for urinating
- learn to identify different genders based on the genitals
By age 2 they know what gender they are and what parent they match.
Genital differences are undertod by age 5 or 6

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7
Q

Infancy and childhood
- 4-6 years old

A

Learn and play
- Learning how to behave in public
- being curious; to play doctor
- where do babies come from
- gender roles: clear ideas how boys and girls should behave

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8
Q

Childhood
- 6-9 years old

A
  • liking someone –> being in love
  • being curious; genitals have a sexual function, but not in public
  • friendships: gendersegregated social organization
  • social comparisons; opinions of others matter
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9
Q

Pre-adolescence
- 9-12 years old

A
  • andrenarche
  • being ashamed
  • first courtship
  • being curious; want to know more about sex
  • a changing body
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10
Q

Andrenarche

A

The maturation of the adrenal glands (between 8 and 10 years old). It leads to increased levels of andorgens (= a group of sex hormones, including testosterone)

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11
Q

Puberty
- 12-15 years old

A
  • longing to be independent
  • friends become more and more important
  • being curious; social media
  • sexual attraction
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12
Q

Almost an adult
- 15-18 years old

A

Generally, there is a progression beginning with kissing, petting, moving to oral sex and then to penis-in-vagina intercourse
- try out relationships
- wishes anf boundaries
- sexual experiences
- covert –> overt (sexuality)

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13
Q

Masturbation
- adolescence 12-18

A

A sharp increase in the incidence of masturbation for boys between ages 13 and 15
- by age 15, 82% of the boys had masturbated
- girls also begin masturbating in adolescence, however, the increase in behavior is much more gradual

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14
Q

Sexting

A

The sending of sexually charged messages or images, has gained national attention
- common, but the majority do not engage
- consequences can be serious

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15
Q

Risky sex and the adolescent brain

A

Brain researchers believe engaging in risky sexual behaviors has a lot to do with the uneven pace of brain maturation across adolescence
- areas of the brain that have to do with emotion and seeking feel-good rewards develop earlier than those that have to do with impulse control
- probably leads teens to be more open to new experiences; but can lead them to engage in risky behaviors

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16
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

A model of psychosocial development according to which we experience crises at each of the eight life stages
- each one of these crises may be resolved in one of two directions
- social influences are particularly important in determining the outcomes

17
Q

According to Erikson

A
  • in early childhood, there is a crisis between autonomy and shame, and later, between initiative and guilt
  • the child who masturbates at age 5 is showing autonomy and initiative
  • if parents react by punishing the child, their actions may produce shame and guilt
18
Q

Crisis at each stage

A

Infancy: basic trust versus mistrust
Age 1.5 to 3: autonomy versus shame and doubt
Age 3 to 5.5: initiative versus guilt
Age 5.5 to 12: industry versus inferiority
Adolescence: identity versus role confusion
Young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation
Adulthood: Generativity versus stagnation
Maturity: ego integrety versus despair

19
Q

Teen pregnancies in the EU and UK

A
  • In the NL: the number of teenage mothers has been declining for some time
  • at the beginning of this century, there were still around 3500, representing 7-8 mothers per 1000 girls under 20
  • in 2010, ther e were 5.2 per 1000 and in 2020 there were 2.4 per 1000
20
Q

Varieties of loving and committed relationships

A
  • heterosexual vs same-sex
  • married vs. cohabiting
  • monogamous vs. nonmonogamous
21
Q

Frequency of marital intercourse

A
  • Average American married couple has coitus 2-3 a week in their 20’s
  • Dutch couples have coitus 3 times a month
22
Q

Negotiating sex
- marital sexuality

A

Sexual scripts are played out in establishment as well as new relationships
- some involve direct verbal statements
- for others, preliminary negotiations are phrased in indirect or euphemistic language
- some couples ritualize sex so they both understand when it will and when it will not occur

23
Q

Consensual nonmonogamy

A

An explicit agreement to have sexual or romantic relationships with others
- open relationship
- swinging
- polygamy
- polyamory

24
Q

Open relationship

A

Relationship is the home base, but the ability to ursue outside partners

25
Q

Swinging

A

Couples exchange partners with other couples, or engage in sexual activity with a third person, with the knowledge and consent of all involved

26
Q

Polygamy

A

Marriage with multiple spouses
- polygyny: man with wives
- polyandry: woman with husbands

27
Q

Polyamory

A

Multiple sexual and or roamntic partners simultaneously, with or without marriage

28
Q

Equity theory

A

A social-psychological theory used to predict and explain human relationships
- in particular, patterns of extra-relationship sex
- calculate the benifits and rewards

29
Q

Equity calculation

A

RewardsA - InputsA = RewardsB - InputsB
- input: beauty, income, cooking
- reward: feeling proud when accompanied by a partner
Their behavior is then affected by whether they feel there is equity and they will act to restore equity if there is inequity
- Engaging in extra-relationship sex is one technique for restoring equity

30
Q

Sex and the elderly

A

Our society holds a negative attitude toward sexual expression among the elderly
- youth-oriented culture
- substantial numbers of elderly have active sex lives

31
Q

Study limitation in elderly sex

A
  • elderly with a disease
  • men > women
  • the eldest and minorities are not included
  • cross-sectional studies
  • pharmaceutic companies
  • sexual dysfuntion, especially erectile disorders
32
Q

Biological changes in elderly women

A
  • gradual decline in functioning of the ovaries –> decline in output of eggs
  • decline in production of estrogen
    Menopause
33
Q

Menopause

A

Starts between 40-60, duration on average 2 years
- vagina more vulnerable to infection due less acidity, shrink in both width and length, vaginal lubrication decreases, and vaginal walls become less elastic

34
Q

Physical changes in elderly men

A
  • testosterone production seclines
  • erections occur more slowly
  • refractory period lengthens with age
  • volume of the ejaculate gradually decreases

Seksuologie (20 decks)

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