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Seksuologie > Sexual anatomy (female) > Flashcards

Sexual anatomy (female) Flashcards

1
Q

Female external genital organs

A

Organs collectively known as the vulva
- clitoris
- mons pubis
- inner lips
- outer lips
- vaginal opening
–> appearance of the vulva varies greatly

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2
Q

Clitoris

A

A higly sensitive organ that is exceptionally important in the female sexual response
- Tip: a knob of tissue externally in front of the vaginal opening and urethral opening
- shaft: consists of two corpora cavernosa
- Crura: two longer spongy bodies that lie deep in the body and run from the tip to either side of the vagina

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3
Q

Mons pubis

A

Fatty pad of tissue under the pubic hair

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4
Q

Outer lips - labia majora

A

Rounded pads of fatty tissue lying along both sides of the vaginal opening, covered with pubic hair

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5
Q

Inner lips - labia minora

A

Two hairless folds of skin lying between the outer lips and running right along the edge of the vaginal opening

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6
Q

Bartholin glands

A

Two tiny glands located on either side of vaginal entrance

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7
Q

Perineum

A

The skin between vaginal entrance and anus

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8
Q

Introitus

A

The vaginal entrance

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9
Q

Urethra

A

The tube through which urine passes from the bladder out of the body

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10
Q

Hymen

A

A thin open membrane which, if present, partially covers the vaginal opening. For gyneachologists it defines the border between outer and inner anatomy
- one of a number of different types
- generally has some openings
- also called cherry or maidenhead, but it is not a sign of virginity

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11
Q

Internal genital organs of the female

A
  • vagina
  • vestibular bulbs
  • Skene’s gland
  • uterus
  • pair of ovaries
  • pair of fallopian tubes
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12
Q

Vagina

A

The tube-shaped organ into which the penis is inserted during coitus and through which a baby passes during birth
- at the bottom it ends in the vaginal opening (introitus)
- muscles surrounding it are the pelvic muscles

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13
Q

Pubococcygeus muscle

A

A muscle around the vaginal entrance that is stretched during coitus
- surrounding the vagina, urethra, and anus is a set og muscles called the plevic floor muscles

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14
Q

Vestibular bulbs - clitoral bulbs

A

Erectile tissue running under the inner lips

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15
Q

Skene’s gland - female prostate

A

Glnd located on the front wall of the vagina with ducts that empty into the urethra
- in some women, secreted fluid that is buochemically similar to male prostate fluid

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16
Q

Uterus

A

The organ in which the fetus develops
- endometrium
- myometrium
- perimetrium

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17
Q

Cervix

A

The lower part of the uterus, which opens to the vagina

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18
Q

Endometrium

A

Sloughed off at menstruation, creating the menstrual discharge

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19
Q

Myometrium

A

A muscular but highly elastic middle layer that creates the powerful contractions of labor and orgasm

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20
Q

Perimetrium

A

The external cover of the uterus

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21
Q

Fallopian tubes - oviducts

A

The tubes extending from the uterus to the ovaries
- pathway by which the egg travels toward the uterus and the sperm reach the egg
- extremely narrow; lined with hairlike projections called cilia
–> fertilization typically occrs in the section closest to the ovary called the infundibulum
- ends in fimbriae, fingerlike projectios that extend to the ovary

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22
Q

Ovaries

A

Two organs about the size and shape of unshelled almonds, lying on either side of the uterus
- contain eggs (ova)
- manufacture the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
- contains numeorus follicles, each a capsule that surrounds an undeveloped egg

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23
Q

The breast

A

Each breast consists of 15 or 20 clusters of mammary glands, each with a separate opening to the nipple, surrounded by fatty and fibrous tissues
- at the tip is the nipple, into which the milk ducts open
- darker area surrounding the nipple is the areola

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24
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances manufactured by the endocrine gland; secreted directly into the bloodstream but also with paracrine activation
- testosterone
- estrogen
- progesterone

25
Q

Estrogen

A

Predominant in first half of menstrual cycle

26
Q

Progesterone

A

Predominant in second half cycle and early pregnancy

27
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates production of milk by the mammary glands

28
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth, promotes ejection of milk from nipples and promotes affection

29
Q

Estrogen and progesterone are important
- ovaries produced

A
  • Estrogen brings about many of the changes of puberty, maintains the mucous membranes of the vagina, and stops the growth of bone and muscle in females
  • Levels of estrogen and progesterne fluctuate according to the phases of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause
    –> FSH and LH in the female regulate the levels of estrogen and progesterone; and inhibit FSH production
30
Q

Prolactin and oxytocin
- pituitary produced

A
  • Prolactin stimulates production of milk after a birth
  • Oxytocin stimulates ejection of milk from the nipples, stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth and promotes affectionate bonding
  • Note oxytocin is produced in both males and females
  • Levels of estradiol and progesterone do not differ between adult men and women; only testosterone levels differ, with men having more
31
Q

Fluctuations in sex drive for women

A
  • Some found a peak frequency of intercourse around ovulatio
  • otehers found peaks just before and just after menstruation
  • one study indicated that sexual activity initiated by the woman peaked during the three days before and three days after ovulation
32
Q

Cycles in men

A

Traditional assumption is that men do not experience monthly cycles
- men’s testosterone levels displayed weekly fluctuations
- men with a female partner and who wished to have a child dipsplayed a 28-day cycle of testosterone levels
- men who had sex with an unfamiliar partner showed a 100 percent increase in testosterone levels the following morning

33
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Specific sec chromosomes carried in a fertilized egg are the deciding factor in whether it will become a male or a female (XX = female; XY = male)
- in the 7th week after conception, basic structures have formed. Sex chromosomes direct various organs to begin differentiation

34
Q

Gonads

A

In males the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes at 7 weeks. In females they develop into ovaries at 13-14 weeks
- on the Y chromosome, SRY, causes manufacture of testis-determining factor (TDF), and male development occurs
- SRY: sex determining region, Y chromosome

35
Q

Müllerian ducts

A

In females turn into the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the upper part of the vagina
- Tubercle becomes the cliteris, the flods become the inner lips and the swelling develops into the outer lips

36
Q

Wolffian ducts

A

In males supported by testosterone, turn into the epididymis, the vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct
- Tubercle becomes the glans penis, the folds form the shaft of the penis, and the swelling develops into the scrotum

37
Q

Descent of the testes and ovaries

A
  • Ovaries and tested are not from Mullerian or Wolffian origin
  • Ovaries and testes change shape and position as developmental changes take place
  • Ovaries travel from higher intra-abdominally to pelvis
  • Testes travels from near the top of the abdominal cavity down into the scrotum via the inguinal canal –> cryptorchidism (undescended testes)
38
Q

Brain differentiation

A

During the prenatal period, sex hormones act on the brain
- if testosterone is present during fetal development, estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus become insensitive to estrogen
- if estrogen is present, they ebcome highly sensitive to levels of estrogen in the bloodstream
Plasticity of the brain: constant changes in response to experiences

39
Q

Epigenetics

A

A funtional change to DNA that does not alter the genetic code itself, but leads to changes in gene expression
- Prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain may involve epigenetic factors that can lead genes to be expressed or silenced
- just a few brain structures show gender differentiation
- neuroscientists emphasize the plasticity of the brain, which is constantly changing in response to experience

40
Q

Puberty

A

The time during which there is a sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia and secondary sex characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity

41
Q

Adolescence

A

A socially defined period that bears some relationship to puberty
- psychological transition from the behavior and attitudes of a child to the behavior, attitudes and responsibilities of an adult
- does not exist in some cultures

42
Q

Puberty in girls

A

Includes: breast dvelopment, growth of pubic hair and increased body growth
- Estrogen eventually stops the growth spurts in grls, sooner than in boys, accounting for women’s lesser average height
- first menstruation 12-13 years of age

43
Q

Puberty in boys

A
  • growth of testes scrotal sac
  • growh of pubic hair
  • penis enlarges
  • growth of facial and auxiliary hair
  • erections increase in frequency
  • voice drops or changes
  • increased body growth
44
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual cycle is regualted by fluctuating levels of sex hormones, which produce certain changes in the ovaries and uterus
- humans are nearly unique among species in having a menstrual cycle
- other species of mammals has estrous cycle: heat

45
Q

4 phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal phase
  4. Menstruation
46
Q

Pollicular phase
- proliferative

A

Just after menstruation, an egg matures in preparation for ovulation
- FSH is secreted to stimulate follicles in the ovaries
- One follicle begins to ripen and brings an egg to maturity
- Follicle secretes estrogen, stimulation growth of the endometrium

47
Q

Ovulation

A

Follicle ruptures, releasing the mature egg
- estrogen inhibits FSH production and stimulates the hypothalamus to produce GnRH, which causes the pituitary to begin production of LH

48
Q

Luteal phase
- secretory

A

After releasing an egg, the follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum, which manufactures progesterone
- Corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone for 10-12 days
- If pregnancy does not occur, the hormone output declines sharply and the uterine lining is shed

49
Q

Menstruation

A

The endometrium of the uterus is sloughed off in the menstrual discharge

50
Q

Follicular phase - hormones

A

High levels of estrogen stimulate the endometrium

51
Q

Luteal phase - hormones

A

Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulate the glands of the endometrium to start secreting nourishing substances

52
Q

What happens in the uterus during menstrual cycle

A
  • Corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone for about 10-12 days
  • If pregnancy has not occured, hormone output declines
  • menstrual fluid: blood from the endometrium, degenerated cells and mucus from the cervix and vagina
53
Q

Menstrual cycle: length and timing

A

Normal menstrual cycle is 20-36 days (avg. 28)
- starts on day 1 for 4-5 days
- follicular phase: 5-13
- ovulation phase: day 14
- luteal phase: 15 untill the end

54
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Some women report that they can feel themselves ovulate in the form of cramping in the lower abdomen

55
Q

Anovulatory cycle

A

Menstruation may take place without ovulation

56
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful menstruation
–> prostaglandins is possible cause

57
Q

Endometriosis

A

The endometrium grows ina place other than te uterus

58
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation
- Primary: when female has not menstruated by age 18
- Secondary: absence when she has had at least one period

59
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Severe physical and psychological symptomes, such as depression and irritability, occuring just before menstruation
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
- 3-5%, age 35-43
- majority do not eperience fluctuations in mood

Seksuologie (20 decks)

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