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Seksuologie > Contraception and abortion > Flashcards

Contraception and abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Personal reasons for birth control

A
  • health of the babies and mothers
  • plan for and space for children in a family
  • avoid pregnancy
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2
Q

Societal reasons for birth control

A
  • adolescent pregnancies
  • unintended pregnancies
  • limiting the size of the population
  • economics
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3
Q

Cross-cultural variations in contraceptions

A
  • coitus interruptus (pull out)
  • coitus obstructus (sperm in the bladder)
  • coitus reservatus (no ejaculation)
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4
Q

Considerations in birthcontrol options

A
  • permanent or reversible
  • effectiveness
  • side effects
  • user’s motivation
  • lack of partner involvement
  • forgetfulness
  • accessibility/costs
  • ability to follow directions
  • ability to prevent STi transmission
  • individual health
  • individual comfort level
  • individual sexual behavior
  • intervention performed by medical staff?
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5
Q

Failure rate of contraception
- effectiveness

A

The pregnancy rate occuring using a particular contraceptive method –> the percentage of women who will be pregnant after a year of use
- perfect users and typical users
Effectiveness: 100 - failure rate

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6
Q

Hormonal birthcontrol methods

A

Highly effective
- pill
- patch
- vaginal ring
- implant
- injections

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7
Q

Combination birth control pills

A

Contain estrogen and progestin
- 21 days on the pill, 7 days of or a placebo
- variations to this pattern have been introduced: 84 days on, 7 placebo (women has a period only once in three months)

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8
Q

How the pill works

A

Mainly by preventing ovultion (ther is no egg)
- Estogen: levels are high at the start and inhibits FSH production so there is no ovulation
- Progestin: keeps cervicl muscle thick, making the path for sperm hard and inhibits implantation. Inhibits LH for the ovulation

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9
Q

(dis)advantages of combination pill

A

Advantages:
- highly effective if used properly
- does not interfere with intercourse
- some advantageous side effects
Disadvatages:
- soem serious side effects
- cost
- all the burden of contraception placed on the woman
- no protection against STIs

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10
Q

Progestin pills (mini-pill)

A

To avoid estrogen related side effects
- change the cervical mucus, such that sperm cannot get through, inhibiting implantation and ovulation
- useful for women who cannot use the combination pill
- produce irregular menstrual periods

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11
Q

Patch (ortho evra)

A
  • administered through the skin
  • lasts 7 days
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12
Q

Vaginal ring (NuvaRing)

A
  • a flexible, transparent ring (plastic)
  • inserted high in the vagina
  • effective for 21 days
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13
Q

Emergency contraceptive

A
  • pill form for emergency
  • to prevent pregnancy (most effective within first 24 hours
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14
Q

Depo-Provera DMPA

A

A progestin administered by injections, inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus and inhibiting growth of endometrium
- somewhat more effective than the pill
- mus be repeated every 3 months for max. effectiveness
- most users experience no menstrual periods

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15
Q

Implants

A
  • thin rod ror tube constaining progestin
  • inserted under the skin of the woman’s arm
  • effective for four years
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16
Q

Intrauterine devide (IUD)

A
  • a small piece of plastic or metal that is inserted into the uterus by a health professional
  • remains in place until the woman wants to have it removed
  • creates an environment that is toxic to both sperm and eggs
17
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • inserted into the vagina and fits snugly over the servix
  • blocks the entrance to the uterus
  • must be used with a contraceptive cream or jelly ro kill sperm
  • Has a typical failure rate of 12%
  • comes in different sizes
18
Q

FemCap, Lea’s shield and the Sponge

A
  • vaginal barriers similar to the diaphragm
  • fitted over the cervix
  • should be used with a spermicide or microbicide
19
Q

The Male condom

A

A thin sheath that fits over the penis
- widespread use for contraception and protection against diseases dates from about 1843
- catches semen and prevents it entering
- perfect user failure rate is about 2%; typical user failure rate is about 13%
–> many failures result from improper or inconsistent use

20
Q

The Female condom

A

One ring of the female contom is inserted into the vagina while the other is spread over the vaginal entrance
- prevents sperm from entering the vagina and blocks the entrance to the uterus
- perfect-user failure rate is 5%; typical user failure rate is 21%

21
Q

Calendar method

A

Assumption: ovulation occurs about 14 days before the onset of menstruation
Regular: abstinence between day 10 and day 17

22
Q

Standard days method (SDM)

A

A women who knows that she is regular, whit a cycle lenght of between 26 and 32 days, abstains from days 8 to 19

23
Q

Basal body termperature method

A

Intercourse would be safe beginning about three days after ovulation

24
Q

Cervical mucus method

A

The woman determines when she ovulates by checking her cervical mucus

25
Q

Sympto-thermal method

A

Combines the basal body temperature method and the cervical mucus method

26
Q

Unreliability of body temperature method

A

0.2-0.5 degrees higher during ovulation
–> sex, a night out, drug/alcohol use, sickness, late night, medication can higher the bodytemperature as well

27
Q

Vasectomy

A

Male sterilization
- vas deferens is tied or cut
–> prevents sperm from being ejaculated
Vasovasostomy reverseses it

28
Q

Female sterilization

A

Blocking the fallopian tubes: in different ways
Laparoscopy: magnifying instument in abdomen
Minilaparotomy: immediately after birth
Transcervical: through the cervix and uterus

29
Q

Abortion

A

Removal of a implanted fertilized egg

30
Q

Vacuum aspiration method

A

Most common method of firts trimester abortion - until week 14 or 15
- suck out the contents of the uterus including the fetal tissue

31
Q

Dilation and evacuation

A

Used especially for later abortions (second trimester)
- similar to the vacuum aspiration method but must be done in a hospital as the fetus is relatively large by the second trimester

32
Q

Mifepristone

A
  • Progesterone is needed for implantation and development
  • mifepristone blocks progesterone so endometrium is sloughed off
  • Prostaglandins after 24-48 hours caused contraction of uterus and embryo expulsion

Seksuologie (20 decks)

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