Sex research Flashcards by Nikki Pelders

Sex research

Techniques of sex reseatch vary in terms of the following
- how sexuality is measured
- whether large numbers of people or small numbers of people are studied
- whether the studies are conducted in the laboratory or in the field
- whether the behavior is studies as it occurs or if there is more attemot to manipulate it

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Non-experimental studies

To describe people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a systematic manner
- surveys
- behavioral measures
- case reporting
- implicut measures
- biological measures

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Self-reports

Self-reports are the most common method for measuring sexuality: participants are asked questions about sexual behaviors and attitudes
- paper questionnaires (Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction or International Index of Erectile Function)
- interviews
- online

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Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS)

Een zelfrapportage vragenlijst over de beleving van seks; hoe tevreden mensen zijn
- Kritiek: bepaling cut-offs, oordelend

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Interantional index of erectile function

Is een oude zelfrapportage vragenlijst over het erectiel functioneren van een man, wordt veel gebruikt
- er worden definities gegeven
- inleiding wordt vaak overgeslagen

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Kinsey reports

Based on thousands of interviews conducted in the US between 1938-1949: Sexual behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
- Masturbation, homosexuality, extramarital sex were more commen than expected (but sampling issues)

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Directe observatie

Seks bekijken in het laboratorium
- S/M in sim-public settings

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Behavioral measures: eye-tracking

Participants wear an eye-tracking device that measures their point of gaze as they are shown pictures on a computer
- research question: Where do men look first?
- Photos of naked women were presented

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Case studie

Gaan over een heel specifiek voorval, waardoor er maar weinig participanten deelnemen.

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Implicit Measures

Implicit Association Test: measures individual’s strength of association between different pairs of concepts
- reaction time is measured in millisecond
- quick reaction when two concepts are strongly associated

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Direct observation
- Masters and Johnson

They pioneered the biological measurement of sexual response
- genital measures assess erection in males and vaginal changes in females
- observed how (wo)mens’s bodies respond to sexual stimulation in the lab
- after engeging in sexual activity, participants were interviewed
- nonrepresentative
- their research was controversial and deemed ‘pornographic’

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Biological measures

Genital measures: measure erection in males and vaginal changes in females
- penile strain gauge (penile circumference)
- Vaginal photoplethysmograph (vaginal blood volume)
- pupil dilation: arousal
- functional MRI: brain and neural activity (blood flow)

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- MRI

Looks at anatomy by using magnets to send and receive signals that give information while participants lie in the center of the magnet (scanner)
- provides good contrast between soft tissues of the body
- noninvasive

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National health and social life surveys
- NHSLS

Start van Kinsey reports –> interviews en kort geschreven vragenlijsten.

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National survey of sexual health and behavior
- NSSHB

Is het recentste onderzoek, waarbij gebruik werd gemaakt van zelfrapportage vragenlijst

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Experimental studies

Researchers manipulate or change the independent variable to see its effects on the dependent variable
- cause-and-effect
- confounding: other factors change alongside the independent variable

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Qualitative methods

Research results conveyed in words as opposed to numbers
- interviews
- focus groups
- media content analysis
–> in general, methods used to generate hypotheses and small samples (data saturation), coding protocols, intercoder reliability

Media content analysis

Een set procedures die gebruikt wordt om valide inferenties te maken over een tekst
1. wat ga je analyseren?’
2. opstellen codeerprotocol (hoe je gaat analyseren)
3. toetsen betrouwbaarheid: intercoder reliability

Kwalitatief

hypotheses genereren
kleine steekproef
data saturatie: je weet van tevoren niet hoeveel them’s er zijn, dus je moet tijdens een interview blijven doorvragen totdat er niks meer te vragen is

Kwantitatief

hypotheses testen
grote steekproef
vooraf wordt de hypothese opgesteld, waardoor er dus maar X aantal thema’s onderzocht dienen te worden

Participant-observer technique

Wordt de wetenschapper deel van de maatschappij die bestudeerd wordt, waardoor hij kan observeren van binnenuit

Measuring gener and sexual orientation

With understanding that there are more than two genders, the measurement of gender has become more complicated
proposals for questionnaired include asking a series of two questions and also asked open-ended questions
these same issues apply to the measurement of sexual orientation

Sampling

Population is idenitfied
method for obtaining a sample is adopted
people iin the sample are contacted and asked to participate
Population: a group of people a researcher wants to study and make inferences about
Sample: a part of a population

Random sample

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

Probability sampling

Each member of the population has a known probability of being included in the sample

Convenience sample

A sample chosen in a haphazard manner relative to the population of interest

Snowball sampling

Existing participants suggest names of future participants to be recruited

Problem of refusal or nonresponse

Some people will refuse to participate in a sex survey - Volunteer bias: the bias that results because those who volunteer to participate may in some ways differ from those who refuse to participate

Accuracy in sampling

Purpose distortion: intentionally giving self-reports that are distortions of reality Memory: it is difficult to remember facts accurately Difficulties with estimates: it is difficult to estimate time, especially when engaged in an absorbing activity

test-hertest bedtrouwbaarheid

Respondent krijgt een set vragen en na een tijdje, krijgt hij dezelfde set vragen. Er wordt gekeken naar de correlatie

Computer-assisted self0interview - CASI

Kan worden gecombineerd met een urio-component, zodat de vragen niet alleen gelezen hoeven worden, maar ook gehoord kunnen worden

Ethical issues

- Tearoom trade study - Tuskegee Syphikis study - Stanley Milgram's study - Stanford Prison Experimetn

Tearoom trade study - Humphreys

Homoseksual encounters in public places - geen informed consent of debiefing, waardoor mensen geen idee hadden dat ze meededen aan een onderzoek

Tuskegeen Syphilis study - Jones

The natural progression of syphilis Progressie SOA bij laagopgeleide, Afro-Amerikanen. - voorgelogen dat ze medicatie kregen en dit niet meer mochten --> velen overleden

Stanley Milgrams study - Milgram

Studie met de schokjes geven - geen informed consent, en de participanten dachten dat ze daadwerkelijk iemand pijn deden/vermoord hadden

Ethical rules for research

1. protections from harm including anonymity 2. informed consent in which subjects make a conscious decision based on true nature of study 3. justice principle in which the risk and benefits of participation should be distributed fairly across groups in society 4. cost-benefit approach in which the cost of the research is weighted against the benefits of the research 5. freedom to withdraw 6. debriefing in which subjects are informed of the research purpose afterward; misconceptions corrected

Ethics

system of moral principles; a way of determining right and wrong - some people use moral in the same way - refers to a system of principles established by some particular group

Web based surveys

- rekruteren van participanten via internet - participanten online vragenlijsten in laten vullen

Meta analyse

Is een techniek waarbij resultaten van alle voorgaande onderzoeken over het bestuderen onderwerp gecombineerd worden 1. De onderzoeker zoekt alle studies over het onderwerp 2. Verschillen tussen de studies worden onderzocht 3. De onderzoeker neemt het gemiddelde van al deze verschilscores

Abortion - pro-life

- seen as part of an overal commitment to respect for life - distinction between human life and human personhood is crucial for some

Pro-choice positions

Absolute: pregnancy is solely the concern of a women Modified: there may be many situations in which abortion is the least bad choice

Homosexuality -- ethics

Rejectionist position opposes any sexual acts between persons of the same gender - Modified rejectionist position: same-gender sexual orientation = morally neutral but rejecting same-gender sexual acts - “Love the sinner but hate the sin.” - At the other end of the spectrum is full acceptance - Two issues continue to provoke the most debate: * ordination (in Dutch: kerkelijke wijding) * marriage