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First Year Term 1 > The Vertebral column > Flashcards

The Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. stiffens the body axis and contributes to the maintenance of posture
  2. Facilitates locomotion by muscle attachment, flexion, extension and torsion
  3. Encloses and protects the spinal cord and accessory structures within the central canal;
  4. protects the soft structures of the neck, throax, abdomen and pelvis
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2
Q

What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Vertebral column, rib cage, skull

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3
Q

What are the vertebral formula that make up the vertebral column in the dog and cat?

A
  1. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal
  2. C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd 15-20 (varies)
  3. There are regional variations!
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4
Q

What are the bones of the vertebral column classed as?

A

Irregular bones.

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5
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the pig

A

C7, T14/15, L6/7, S4, Cd 20+

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6
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the sheep and goat

A

C7, T13, L6/7, S4, Cd 20+

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7
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the OX

A

C7, T13, L6, S5, Cd 20+

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8
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the Horse

A

C7, T18, L6, S5, Cd 20+

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the vertebra

A
  1. body -
  2. Vertebral foramen = hole above body = spinal cord
  3. Neural arch forms the V foramen: dorsal = lamina, lateral = pedicle
  4. Dorsal spinous process
  5. Lateral side: transverse process = largest in lumbar
  6. Caudal and Cranial articular surface
  7. Mamillary pricess on top of transverse process
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10
Q

Where is the articulation of adjacent vertebrae?

A
  1. Caudal articular facets sit inside cranial ones
  2. all joints are synovial: collateral ligaments
  3. When adjacent articulate = forms the intervertebral foramen on lateral aspect = spinal nerve comes out and separates into dorsal and ventral branches = innovate those msucles
  4. intevertebral disk = fibrous cartilgeous
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11
Q

What is the structure of the intervertebral disk?

A
  1. attachment to body
  2. Fibro cartilaginous structure = dense collagen fibre arranges in ciruclar layers
  3. Outer concentric fibreous ring = annulus fibrosus.
  4. Thinnest dorsally = weakness
  5. Provides stability
  6. Inner = nucleus pulposus = gelatinous cushion, provides shock absorption
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12
Q

When looking at radiograph of vertebral column what can you identify?

A
  1. Intervertebral disk = gap
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13
Q

What are the cervical vertebrae characterised as and why

A
  1. C1&C2 = atypical as don’t resemble the rest of the vertebrae
  2. C3-7 = typical
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14
Q

Talk about C1

A
  1. ATLAS
  2. Reduced body
  3. no spinous process dorsally
  4. Elongated transverse process on lateral aspects = wings
  5. Cranially articulates with occipital condyles of skull forms atlanto-occipital joint! YES JOINT
  6. Caudally articulates with AXIS
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15
Q

Talk about C2

A
  1. AXIS
  2. 2 bodies (body and dense that sticks out)
  3. Large Palpable dorsal elongated spinous process
  4. Articulates with C1 = Atlanto-Axial joint
  5. joint only allows lateral rotation: NO joint!
  6. Transverse foramen at top of transverse process = vertebral arteries
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16
Q

Describe C3 - C7

A 
1.typical vertebrae
C7 = pronounced projections ventrally
3. High flexion adn extension
4. Lateral movement
5. Transverse foramen
17
Q

What is different about C7?

A

It lacks the transverse foramen exhibited by the other cervical vertebrae which is present in all other Cervical vertebrae!

18
Q

Why do we have 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical spinal nerves?

A
  1. In C region, each spinal nerve exits from the vertebral canal CRANIAL to the vertebra of the same number.
  2. In thoracic region, each spinal nerve exits CAUDAL to the vertebra of the same number
  3. Therefore this leaves a spinal nerve between the caudal C7 and cranial T1 = C8
19
Q

How many cerviacle nerves?

A

7

20
Q

Where is the majority of movement

A

Cerviacle and lumbar not thoracic. MOST = thoracolumbar junction

21
Q

Facts about thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. have short body
  2. allow articulation of the bones of the rib cage
  3. Cranial and caudal costal fovea for articulation with ribs
  4. Small transverse process = to accomodate ribs
  5. Lateral costal fovea accomodates the ehad of the rib, tubercle of rib attaches onto costal fovea that lies ventral to transverse process
  6. Large dorsal elongated spinous process
22
Q

What about the thoracic vertebrae projections

A
  1. T1 to T10 project caudally
  2. T11 - (vertical) anticlinal = perp
  3. Beyond: cranial angulation
23
Q

Facts about lumbar vertebrae

A
  1. Longer bodies
  2. LArge transverse processes: project Cranially! whereby abdominal muscles attach
  3. allow flexion and extension
  4. large body
  5. LArge spinous process
    6.
24
Q

Facts about the sacral vertebrae

A
  1. vertebrae are fused = no movement, no discs
  2. one bony component
  3. Transverse process of S1 articulates with sacrael pelvic surface of ilium of pelvis
  4. Sacrotuberous ligament originates from last sacrael vertebrae
25
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A
  1. Rudimentary (basic/limited) structures
  2. First few caudal vertebrae resemble small lumbar vertebrae = large amount of movement possible
  3. Last few vertebrae = can’t work out structures!
  4. First few caudal V = Y shaped hemal arch at ventral aspect, holds coccygeal artery
26
Q

Describe rib

A
  1. tubercle fits into costal fovea just underneath transverse process: caudal costal fovea and cranial costal fovea
  2. dorsal bony
  3. ventral cartilage
27
Q

Xiphoid

A
  1. last sternbrae

2. made of cartilage

28
Q

Costal arch

A
  1. attachment of cartilagenous part of ribs 10-12
29
Q

What are the ligaments of the Vertebral column?

A
  1. Dorsal longitudinal ligament
  2. Intervertebral disk
  3. Intercapitular ligament (over top from head of rib to head)
  4. Costotransverse ligament: costal part of rib adn transverse process of vertebrae
30
Q

NAme a ligament in the neck region

A
  1. Nuchal ligament

2.

First Year Term 1 (35 decks)

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