Animal Feeds

Question 1

What diets do we have to formulate?

Answer 1

1. Economical- as cheap as poss but obvs not so that it compromises
2. palatable-
3. nutritionally balanced
4. Efficiently converted
5. non toxic
6. no taint: palatable to human too

Question 2

How is feedstuff classified?

Answer 2

1. roughages/ forages (grass dry and wet and alfalfa) grass, hay, haylage, silage, wholecrop silage
2. Straights: single items: wheat, soya, legumes
   a) energy concentrated
   Protein concentrates
3. Nutrient additives (smaller)
4. Non nutrient additives: medication

Question 3

What are examples of energy concentrates?

Answer 3

1. Cereals:
   a) grains: wheat, barley, oats
   b) by products: wheat chaff
   c) brewery by products, left curnel
2. Sugar industry by products
   a) molasses: sugar beet pulp
   b) Beet pulps
3. Roots and tubers: carrots, tates = grow well in UK soil = cheap
4. maize silage: rich in starch
5. Animal and vegetable fats
6. Whey
7. Miscellaneous ( close to facotry e.g. bakery waste)

Question 4

What are cereals and why are cereals important in the diet pos and neg

Answer 4

1. They are edible cereals of cultivated grasses
   IMPORTANT:
2. Excellent carbohydrate source and readily available: multi stomach it can drop pH fairly rapidly
3. poor protein source
4. 85% dry matter
5. 12-14 MJ ME (mega joules per kilo metabolisable energy)
6. Low in Ca2+, vitA and D, riboflavin
7. High in P, Vit E, Thiamin

Question 5

Give examples of different cereals

Answer 5

Barley (popular), oats (highest fibre), wheat (protein levels can vary HUGELY each ahrvest = analyse, also less palatable. grows well in UK), maize (high in starch, slower release = goof for ruminants but low fibre), rye (not used much)

Question 6

Why are oats the most popular cereal to for horses

Answer 6

OATS = slower release of sugar = reduce risk of laminitis

Question 7

What are the different types of cereal processing

Answer 7

1. Cold treatment:
   - rolling (cow)
   - crushing (cow, pig)
   - grinding - (pig, poultry)
2. Hot treatment
   - Steam flaking
   - micronisation
   - roasting
   - hot pelleting (poultry)

Question 8

Why do cereals need to be processed?

Answer 8

kurnel is tough structure = not all animals can break down. essential in pig and poultry

Question 9

What is a way to check how good the digestion is

Answer 9

sieve faeces

Question 10

How do we process oats, wheat and barley for horses and what do we need to ensure no indegestion

Answer 10

oats = whole
W/B = rolled
need to ensure bulk of carb is digested before reaches hindgut. if not = disturbs microflora

Question 11

What chemical treatments?

Answer 11

Mainly cattle farms

1. NaOH (caustic soda) = softens hull to expose endoderm
2. NH3 = adds N to product = microfluroa convert to AA
3. mineralisation

Question 12

When use whoel crop (maize, barley, pea etc)

Answer 12

when making silage

Question 13

Straw pos and neg

Answer 13

1. barley straw> wheat straw> oat straw
2. High in fibre, mostly lignin
3. low cost roughage
4. limited nutrients

Question 14

What are the pos and neg for sugar beet pulp

Answer 14

1. Suagr by product
2. excellent energy fibres
3. horse = must soak as will lead to choke (oesophageal obstruction)
4. cattle and sheep as it is
5. not poultry (stuck in crop)

Question 15

what is the pos adn neg of molasses

Answer 15

1. sugar by product
2. highly palatable, hihh energy
3. binding agent (good for when adding minerals as minerals are bitter and don’t stick to food = animal avoid)

Question 16

Pos and neg of roots and tubers

Answer 16

1. CHEAP as grow v well in UK
2. 10-12% protein
3. good energy

Question 17

What is the issue with animal and vegetable fats for ruminants?
what is the conclusion.
Why ok for unweaned ruminants

Answer 17

1. coat everything else in the mix, especially fibrous feedstuff
2. microbes then can’t attack fibre = indigestion
3. so have to either add in small quantities 5% or wrap old/ fat in something that goes straight through rumen and into GI tract and absorbed there.
4. monogastric = no issue
5. essential in milk replacer unweaned ruminant functions as monogastric
6. becomes rancid v quick when exposed to oxygen

Question 18

How are feeds presented?

Answer 18

1. Pellets (cake)
2. blend
3. coarse mix

Question 19

pos and neg to pellets

Answer 19

Every pellet looks identical = contains same amount ingredients = ideal as animal can’t select but most involved = most expensive

Question 20

pos and neg to blend

Answer 20

each pellet = diff colour:
dark = sugar beet
light = wheat
v light = soya bean pellet.
\+ feeding mill mix and match to meet demands of producer = easy to change mix
- animal can select
\+ cheaper to produce

Question 21

pos and neg to coarse mix

Answer 21

pellets diff colours = diff things.
maize flakes, oat flakes
darker stipples = molasses
+ Easy to adapt to what proportion of each feed
+ animals like
- can easily pick and choose = unbalanced diet?

Question 22

NAme protein concentrates

Answer 22

1. oilseeds (lyne seed)
2. leguminous seeds
3. animal protein concentrates
4. milk products (especially young unweaned)
5. single cell proteins
6. Non protein nitrogenous (NPN) (urea, ammonia

Question 23

Pos and neg to oilseeds

Answer 23

1. protein rich
2. fibre variable
3. low in vit K, B (rum produce own B)
4. care in monogastrics through digestive tract
5. present as cake adn meals

Question 24

what can too much legumes platn cause ruminants

Answer 24

BLOAT = introduce carefully over several days

Question 25

What about animal proteins

Answer 25

• strictly regulated = BSE

were pop as such huge protein content

Question 26

what is whey

Answer 26

a by product of cheese and butter production - really palatable, good enrgy, just careful in monogastrics with bloat

Question 27

pos and neg and examples of single celled protein

Answer 27

1. yeast and algae
2. expensive
3. GM to improve food valve