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First Year Term 1 > ForeLimb > Flashcards

ForeLimb Flashcards

1
Q

What is locomotor system and what are the components

A 
The musculoskeletal system that allows wide range of animal movement.
components:
1. Osteology (BONES)
2. Arthrology (joints)
3. Myology (muscles)
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2
Q

What are adaptations of locomotor system in cursors?

A

ALL TO INC STRIDE LENGTH
1. reduced pectoral skeleton: not full pectoral girdle of clavicle, scapula and coracoid.
domestic species = no collar bone (clavicle) cats do have but it is vestigial.
2. Elongation of proximal end of limb - scapula lies laterally rather than at back
3. elongation at distal end of limb to inc stride length = energy efficient

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3
Q

What are the 4 forms of locomotion

A
  1. flexion - folding
  2. extension - stretching
  3. protraction - moving limb forward
  4. Retraction - moving limbs backwards
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4
Q

What are 2 types of skeleton

A
  1. Axial skeleton: bones of vertebral column, skull and ribcage
  2. Appendicular skeleton: all bones of fore and hind limb
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5
Q

What are the types of bone:

A
  1. Long- support and leverage in limbs. Medullary cavity
  2. Flat- large SA 4 muscle attachment, protection of underlying structures
  3. Short - large range of movement, anticoncussive and shock absorption
  4. Seasmoid - embedded in tendons, change in angle over bony surface, redirect forces and reduces friction to prevent damage
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6
Q

Bone features:

A
  1. proximal - top
  2. body
  3. distal - bottom
    allow passage of structures/ tendons
  4. articular surfaces - where skeletal surface makes direct contact with another = hayline cartilage at weight bearing surfaces = don’t want nerve/ blood supply to be crushed. C = deprived of nerve and blood supply
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7
Q
  1. Describe how bones of the limb are formed from centres of ossification and explain the bone growth
A

a. Develop from cartilaginous template = mesenchyme tissue which forms the shape of the entire bone
b. Ossifies due to blood supply from centre in fetal life = replaced by bony matrix rather than cartilaginous matrix
c. Osteoblasts inc in number into cartilaginous template, than calsify to harden strucutre
d. Primary ossification centre elongates
e. One point extremities ossify separately (secondary ossification)
f. Cartilaginous matrix between extremities = growth plates = between centres of ossification

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8
Q
  1. Recognise the growth plates on a radiograph and distinguish between the radiograph of a young and mature animal
A

a. Soft tissue structure = dark = radiolucent
b. Bone = opaque = white = ability to divert Xray as hard structure
c. Hollow centre = medullary cavity
d. Epiphysis = end
e. Metaphysis = transition zone
YOUNG: growth plates produce inc in bone length as ossify and close
MATURE= closed = physeal scars

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9
Q

Bones of forelimb:

A
  1. scapula
  2. Humerus
  3. Radius (cranial)
  4. Ulna (caudal)
  5. Carpal bones
  6. Metacarpal bones
  7. Phalanges
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10
Q

Regions of the forelimb

A
  1. OMO = shoulder joint = scapula
  2. Brachium = shoulder joint to elbow joint (arm) = humerus = elbow joint
  3. antebrachium = elbow joint to carpal = forelimb = radius and ulna
  4. Carpus = wrist = carpal bones (carpal joint)
  5. Manus = hand = carpal bone to digits = metacapal bones and inter phalanges joint
  6. Digits = toes
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11
Q

Explain the basic structures and function of the nervous system supplying the forelimb

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord (vertebral column)
Vertebral formula: C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20.
Between 2 adjacent vertebrae = intervertebral foramen = wheere spinal nerves origionate form. they divide into dorsal branch (innovates dorsal musculature) ventral innovate C6, C7, C8, T1, T2. These form the brachial plexus
PNS - Cranial nerves (connect with structures of the head and body) and spinal nerves (connect spinal cord to neck, trunk, tail and limbs)

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12
Q

Which 5 nerves form the brachial plaxus?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1, T2

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13
Q

what nerves does the PNS contain

A

axons that conduct impulses TO the CNS: Sensory, afferent axons = carry impulses from structure to brain and
axons conduct impulses FROM CNS motor, Efferent = carry impulses from brain to muscle or organ: motor neurones

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14
Q

what does the brachial plexus supply?

A

all intrinsic muscles (muscles in appendicular skeleton) , some extrinsic (Lat dorsi (refractor), pectoral (Adductor), serratus ventralis (protractor and retractor)

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15
Q

What is a somatic efferent neurone?

What is visceral efferent neurones?

A

motor neurones supplying voluntary, striated, skeletal muscles.
VEN- motor neurones supplying involuntary, smooth muscle of viscera, blood vessels, cardiac muscle and glands

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16
Q

what are 3 types of joint

A
  1. Fibrous= little movement (skull)
  2. cartilagenous (little movement)
  3. Synovial - allows large range of movement between bones
17
Q

Elucidate the components of a TYPICAL SYNOVIAL JOINT

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surface to reduce friction. Avascuar and no nerve endings
  2. Synovial fluid in joint cavity = viscous/ sticky, nourishes cartilage, lubricates
  3. Synovial membrane contains the fluid also produces the synovial fluid.
  4. Joint capsule: fibrous layer, incorporates synovial membrane. Attaches around osteochondral junction (interface between bone and cartilage)
18
Q

describe any bursae or synovial sheaths that are related to specific joints.

A
  • ****(ligaments condensed fibrous material)

1. collateral ligaments support the joint medial and laterally

19
Q

Describe various movements of SHOULDER JOINT.

A
  1. Flexion: decreased angle, folded limb, non weight bearing position.
  2. Extension: inc angle, stretching limb, weight bearing
20
Q

Describe various support of SHOULDER JOINT.

A

Bicipital bursa

21
Q

what is the bicipital bursa?

A

Bicipital bursa - tendon sheath. A joint capsule that extends into the inter tubercular groove between the greater and lesser tubercles. Transverse ligament holds tendon of bicep brachii in place in intertubercle groove

22
Q

Identify EXTENSORS muscle groups involved in shoulder joint movements along their origins, insertion and innervation.

A 
1. Brachiocephalicus = protractor of limb, extensor of shoulder.
Cross cranial to shoulder
Innovation = brachial plexus
2. Biceps brachii (1 head in dog).
Crosses cranially
O = supraglenoid tubercle
I= ulna and radial tuberosities
Intrinsic muscle
Also elbow flexor/ shoulder extensor
Innovation = musculocutaneous nerve (motor nerve only).
Bicipital bursa
23
Q

Identify FLEXORS muscle groups involved in shoulder joint movements along their origins, insertion and innervation.

A

Latissimus dorsi: cross caudal to shoulder
Also limb retraction, Innovation = brachial plexus
2. Teres major
O = caudal border of scapula
I = medial humerus
Innovation = axillary nerve, motor adn sensory fibres
3. Teres Minor
O = infraglenoid tubercle
I = lateral aspect of humerus
4. Deltoideus:
2 heads
O = scapular spine
O = acromion process
I = lateral aspect of humerus
Innovation = axillary, mixed type of nerve = motor adn sensory fibres.
5. Tricep muscle, caudal aspect of brachial region
4 heads
long head = only flexor of shoudler
O = caudal border of scapla
I = olecranon of ulna
(also elbow extensor)
Innovation = radial nerve adn motor adn sensory fibres

24
Q

what are the antagonistic muscle pairs in the shoulder joint
E = 2
Flexors = 4

A 
Extensor = cranial to shoulder: brachiocephalicus and biceps brachii
Flexors = caudal to shoulder = latissimus dorsi, deltoideous, teres major and tricep long head
25
Q

Whats clinical issues can arise at the shoulder joint?

A
  1. Osteochondrosis:
    - developmental disease
    - causes erosion of articular cartilage = stem exposed to underlying structures (which have nerves).
    - can lead to degenerative joint disease (DJD)
    - additional bone formation
    - pain causes lameness
  2. Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
    - new bone formation around joint capsule attachment.
    - Osteochondral junction
    - painful when forming = persistent lameness
  3. conditions related to soft tissue structures e.g. tendons = bicipital bursitis = inflammation of bursa
    - ultrasound to identify soft tissue damage
26
Q

What is a osteochondral junction

A

interface between bone and cartilage

27
Q

what is the palpation landmark of the shoulder joint?

A
  1. Acromion and greater tubercle
28
Q

what are the palpation landmarks of the radius and ulna?

A 
Ulna:
1. olecranon process
2. Lateral styloid process
Radius:
1. Medial Styloid process
29
Q

Discuss stability of elbow joint

A
  1. strong collateral ligaments that extend from humerus to R adn U
  2. discuss bony structures on U that limits extension ability of joint hence bringing stability
30
Q

what are the elbow joint antagonistic paris

A 
1. Extensors = caudal to joint = 4 tricep heads
I= olecranon process of ulna
n = radial nerve
FLEXORS = cranial to joint
a. biceps brachii
Brachialis
I = radius
n = musculocutaneous nerve
31
Q

What are the bones called in the carpus region?

A
  1. proximal row = radial/ intermediate carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone
  2. Distal row = 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th carpal = labelled from medial aspect

First Year Term 1 (35 decks)

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