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AP History (Bob) > The United States and the Early Cold War > Flashcards

The United States and the Early Cold War Flashcards

1
Q

French view of NATO whereby…

…West Germany was bulwark against Soviets

…Integration into Western alliance tamed German power

A

“Double Containment”

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1
Q

Manuever used by Truman to increase wages as a way to avoid the threat of strikes disrupting the economy

A

“Fact Finding Boards”

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1
Q

Truman’s term during the Election of 1948 for the Congress that did not support his agenda

A

“Do-Nothing Congress”

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2
Q

Cold War was an ideological struggle for the “__________” of people throughout the world.

A

“hearts and minds”

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2
Q

Prohibited union and employer agreement that requires workers to be a member of union

States that adopted these –Texas, Florida, North Carolina – experienced population growth and inflow of capital investment

A

“Right to Work” Law

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2
Q

Police department units that gathered information on the political activities of citizens

A

“Red Squads”

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3
Q

Word used to descibe…

…fascist Italy and Nazi Germany

…aggressive ideologically driven states

…subdue all of civil society including churches, unions

…left no room for individual rights or alternative values

A

“Totalitarianism”

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3
Q

Word that was used to describe the opposite of freedom

The American Medical Association (AMA) raised the spector of this kind of medicine to discredit Truman’s proposed national health insurance

A

“Socialized”

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4
Q

Intended to counter the Soviet opposition to organized religion

Congress added the words “_________” to the Pledge of Allegiance in the 1950s

A

“under God”

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5
Q

Restored the pre-war status quo on the Korean penninsula

Divided Korea along the 38th parallel

Soviet-supported North Korea and U.S.-backed South Korea

A

Armistace in 1953

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5
Q

Accused by Whittaker Chambers, the editor of Time Magazine, of passing secret government documents to the Soviets

Pursued by Richard Nixon

Ultimately convicted of perjury

A

Alger Hiss

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5
Q

Led to downfall of McCarthy as it demonstrated he was a bully and browbeat

Senate ultimately censured McCarthy

A

Army-McCarthy Hearings

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6
Q

Renounced policy of war and armed aggression for Japanese people

A

Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution

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7
Q

Established with the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act

Controled peace time development of atomic science

A

Atomic Energy Commission

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8
Q

Response to the Soviet Union blocking access to West Berlin

Eleven month effort to supply fuel and food

Demonstrated American committment to containment

Stalin lifted blockade in 1949

A

Berlin Airlift

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8
Q

Divided into four zones: U.S., Britain, France, Soviet Union

A

Berlin

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9
Q

Prevented persons accused of being communists from getting work in the entertainment industry

A

Blacklists

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10
Q

Established to gather intelligence and do intelligence operations

A

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

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11
Q

Examples included…

…secret funding of overseas publications, concerts

…sent jazz musicians and black performers abroad

…promoted Jackson Pollack’s abstract expressionism

…funded the Museum of Modern Art

…supported John Cage’s musical compositions

…supported George Balanchine’s choreography

A

CIA and Department of Defense Support for the Arts

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12
Q

One of two covenants in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that included freedom of speech

Ratified by the United States in 1992

A

Civil and Political Rights

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13
Q

Middle class voters were alarmed by the labor turmoil

Many workers did not vote

Result was a surge in Republicans and control of both houses of Congress

Operation Dixie failed to unionize the South

A

Congressional Election of 1946

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14
Q

Formulated by George Kennan

U.S. would forcibly stop communist aggression, expansion of power, whenever and whereever it occurred

The dominant policy of the Cold War and led America to become involved in conflicts like Vietnam

A

Containment Policy

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16
Q

Factors included…

…British termination of financial aid

…threat of a communist-led rebellion

…Soviet demand for joint control of adjoining body of water

…trategic location near Middle East

A

Crisis in Greece and Turkey

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17
Q

Supreme Court rulling that upheld the jailing of Communist Party leaders

Charges against leaders concerned their beliefs, not any actions they had taken

ACLU refused to defend the leaders

A

Dennis v. United States

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18
Q

Name for southern delagates at the Democrat National Convention

Walked out when Hubert Humphrey called for human rights

A

Dixiecrats

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19
Q

One of two covenants in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that promoted the idea of right to housing and a fair wage

A

Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

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20
Q

Truman won 49.7% and 303 electoral votes

Dewey won 45.3% and 189 electoral votes

Thurmond won 2.4% and 39 electoral votes

Wallace won 2.4% and 0 electoral votes

A

Election of 1948

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21
Q

Formal name for the Marshall Plan

A

European Recovery Program

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22
Q

Food shortages and inflation were rampant

Communist parties in France, Italy grew stronger in 1946-47

US had withdrawn from UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, opening up opporunity for Eastern Europe to advance communism with aid

A

Factors Leading to Marshall Plan

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22
Q

Eleven states establsihed fair employment practices commissions

NAACP launced voter registration campaigns in the South with 20% of black southerners registered to vote by 1952

No lynchings in 1952

Jackie Robinson played Major League Baseball

A

Examples of Postwar Civil Rights Improvements

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22
Q

Desegrated the armed forces

Issued by Truman

A

Executive Order 9981

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23
Q

Series of domestic programs to extend the social safety net including..

…minimum wage

…public housing

…extension of Social Security

…employment of all workers

…national health insurance

A

Truman’s Fair Deal

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23
Q

Established by Truman with Executive Order 9835

Intended to control against the possible communist influence in the government

Investigated security risks espeically political afiliation and sexual orientation

Employees not allowed to confront their accusers

Resulted in 1,200 firings and 6,000 resignations

A

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

or

Loyalty Review Boards

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25
Q

Purpose was “substantial reduction in tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.”

A

GATT Preamble

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25
Q

Members included…

…United States

…Japan

…SEATO (Southeast Asia Treat Organization)

…CENTO (Central Treaty Organization)

Opposition to spread of communism

A

“Free World”

26
Q

Created free trade and enormous markets for American goods

Negotiated at United Nations and signed in 1947

Included the United States and twenty-three Western nations

A

General Agreement on Tafiffs and Trade (GATT)

27
Q

“Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.”

A

George C. Marshall

in support of the Marshall Plan

28
Q

American diplomat who wrote the Long Telegram, laying out the foundation for the “containment policy”

A

George Kennan

30
Q

Reasons included…

…impossible to vew international crisis on case by case basis

…hard to determine which crisis genuinely involved freedom or an American interest

A

George Kennan’s Criticism of the Cold War

31
Q

Used the code name “Militant Liberty”

Resulted in The Red Menace (1949) and I Married a Communist (1950)

A

U.S. Government Encouragement of Anti-Communist Movies

32
Q

Nominee for president from the Progressive Party

A

Henry Wallace

33
Q

Group of “unfriendly witnesses” who refused to answer questions from the HUAC

Included Ring Lardner, Dalton Trumbo who were charged with contempt

A

Hollywood Ten

34
Q

“I say the time has come to walk out of the shadow states’ rights and into the sunlight of human rights”

A

Hubert Humphrey

at the Democrat National Convention for Election of 1948

34
Q

Launched hearings about communist influence in Hollywood

Called well-known screenwriters, directors, actors to appear

A

House Un-American Activites Committee (HUAC)

35
Q

Led by General Douglas MacArthur and forced the North Korean’s to retreat northward

Allowed MacArthur’s army to occupy most of North Korea

Truman’s intention was to unite Korea under a pro-American government

A

Inchon Counterattack

36
Q

Term used by Churchill to describe the line drawn by the Soviet Union between East and West Europe

First used in a speech on March 5, 1946 in Fulton, Missouri

A

Iron Curtain

37
Q

Played for Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947

Showed great dignity in the face of racial insults and verbal abuse

Won the Rookie of the Year Award

A

Jackie Robinson

38
Q

Announced he had a list of 205 communists working in the State Department

Used the Senate Subcommittee he chaired to hold hearings and level wild charges with the intent of rooting out communist influence in the government, military, and entertainment industries

A

Joseph McCarthy

39
Q

“Let us not assassinate this lad further. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir?”

A

Joseph Welch

to McCarthy at the Army-McCarthy Hearings

40
Q

Working class Jewish, communist couple from New York City

Accused by David Greenglass of passing atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets

Evidence was highly secret and not revealed in court

Convicted by the jury of conspiracy to pass the secrets to the Soviets

Executed in 1953

A

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

42
Q

First hot war of the Cold War

Result of Chinese-backed attack from the north to the south in a country that had Soviet and American zones since 1945

A

Korean War

44
Q

Written by George Kennan, an American diplomat in the Soviet Union

Prompted by an angry speech given by Joseph Stalin in February 1946

Argued that Soviets were not a “normal government and that their communist ideology would drive them to expand world wide

Laid foundation for the “containment policy”

A

Long Telegram

45
Q

“Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”

A

General MacArthur

to Congress upon his return

47
Q

“Supreme Commander” in Japan after World War II and until 1948

A

General Douglas MacArthur

48
Q

Led Communists to victory in Chinese civil war

Created the People’s Republic of China

A

Mao Zedong

49
Q

U.S. would provide economic aid to Europe for reconstruction

17 Western European nations became part of the plan

Formally known as the European Recovery Program

A

Marshall Plan

51
Q

Required Communist Party members to register with the Attorney General

Made conspiracy to foaster communism a crime in the U.S.

Barred “totalitarians” from entering the United States

Reinforced view that a powerful government was the greatest danger

A

McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950

52
Q

Required subversive groups to register with the government

Allowed the denial of passports to members of certain groups

Authorized deportation or detention on the order of the president

A

McCarran Internal Security Bill

53
Q

Limited immigration from all regions except Northern and Western Europe

Kept quotas in place

Immigration officials could turn away any immigrant that they thought would threaten national security

Was passed over Truman’s veto

A

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

55
Q

Established to advice and assist the president on national security

A

National Security Council (NSC)

56
Q

Alliance of United States, Canada and ten other nations including most of Western Europe

Pledged mutual defense against possible future Soviet attack

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

57
Q

Called for the permanent military buildup in the United States

Pursue global crusade against Communism

58-page report issued in April 1950

A

NSC-68

59
Q

Campaign by AFL and CIO to bring unionization to the South

Intended to shatter the hold of anti-labor conservatives on the region’s politics

Approximately 200 labor organizers entered the region

Focused on textile, steel, and agricultural industries

A

Operation Dixie

60
Q

Created with Mao Zedong’s victory in Chinese Civil War

Setback to policy of containment

Blocked from occupying China’s seat at the United Nations

A

People’s Republic of China

61
Q

Result of…

…drop in income due to surging prices

…lack of overtime pay due to economic slowdown

…AFL and CIO launching Operation Dixie

Most pronounced in steel, auto, coal industries

A

Postwar Strike Wave

62
Q

Formed by left-wing critics of Truman’s foreign policy

Nominated Henry Wallace for president

Platform included…

…expansion of social welfare programs

…strong denunciation of racial segregation

…international control of nuclear weopons

…economic cooperation with the Soviet Union

Willingness to acccept support from communists and socialists led to exodus of New Deal liberals from the Party

A

Progressive Party

64
Q

Historical interpretation not found in “standard” history

Scholars ignored the many historical ethnic and racial strains in history

Read the American Creed of pluralism, tolerance, and equality back into the past as a timeless definition of Americanism

A

Revisionist History

65
Q

Countries that remained under Soviet control

Pro-communist governments installed

Included Poland, Romania, Bulgaria

Soviet Union claimed these countries were no different than Latin American countries under the influence of the United States

A

Satellite Countries

66
Q

“Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead.”

A

Satirical Speech by Dewey

68
Q

Told Truman to “scare hell” out of the Americans in order to gain support for forthcoming Truman Policy

A

Senator Vandernberg

70
Q

Successfully tested in 1949

Suprised the United States

Learned by measuring radiation levels

A

Soviet Atomic Bomb

71
Q

Formed by the Dixiecrats

Nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond for president

Stood for individual liberty and freedom

A

States’ Rights Democratic Party

72
Q

Aided business owners in potential labor disputes

Sought to reverse gains made by organized labor

President had the authority to suspend strikes with an 80-day “cooling off period”

Banned sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts

Outlawed “closed shop”, which required a worker to be union

Authorized states to pass “right to work” laws

Required union leaders to swear they were not communists

Passed over Truman’s veto

A

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

73
Q

Republican nominee for president in the Election of 1948

Overconfident

Ineffective speaker

Unwilling to commit on controversial issues

A

Thomas A. Dewey

74
Q

Published by the Commission on Civil Rights and..

…highlighted racial inequality in America

…called on federal government to abolish segregation

…called on federal government to ensure equal treatment in housing, employment, education, justice

Hailed by Truman as “an American charter of human freedom”

A

To Secure These Rights

75
Q

“Don’t let them take it away”

A

Truman threatening that Republicans would take away Social Security

76
Q

Committed the United States to a policy of containment

Created the language for the postwar world including…

…“defense of freedom”

…support for “freedom-loving peoples”

A

Truman Policy

77
Q

Included…

…permanent civil rights commission

…national laws against lynching

…national laws against poll taxes

…action to ensure equal access to jobs and education

Congress approved none of the proposals

A

Truman Plan for Civil Rights

78
Q

Result of the following series of events…

…Chinese troops intervening near Chinese border to stop the advance of Americans against the North Koreans

…MacArthur demanding to push north again

…Truman refusing to authorize, fearing all out war in Asia

…MacArthur criticism of Truman

…Truman re-enforcing the principle of civilian control of the military

A

Truman’s Firing of MacArthur

79
Q

Approved by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948; had been drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt

Identified a broad range of rights to be enjoyed by all people…

…freedom of speech

…relgious toleration

…protection against arbitrary government

…social and economic entitlements

Established idea that a nation’s treatment of its own citizens was subject to outside evaluation and review

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

80
Q

Colonies borrowed the language of the Declaration of Independence

U.S. backed away from pressuring Europeans to grant self-governance to…

…French Indonesia

…Dutch East Indies

…Gold Coast

…Nigeria

…Malaya

A

U.S. Lack of Support for Colonial Independence

81
Q

J. Edgar Hoover developed files on many Americans

McCarthy targeted New Deal and Roosevelt

Businesses identified government intervention with socialism

Businesses fought against unions

White supremacists used against black civil rights

A

Uses of Anticommunist Sentiment

83
Q

Reasons included…

…United States would be required to recruit and subsidze an “array of satellites, clients, dependents and puppets”

…intervene continuously in affairs of nations

…mistake to align against colonial independence in the name of anticommunism

A

Walter Lippman’s Criticism of the Cold War

84
Q

Defensive alliance with loyal Eastern European satellite nations

Formed as a reaction against NATO

A

Warsaw Pact in 1955

85
Q

Report by Truman’s Commission on Immigration

Called for replacing quotas based on national origins with more flexible system including family reunion, labor needs, political asylum

A

Whom Shall We Welcome?

AP History (Bob) (28 decks)

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