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AP History (Bob) > The Great Depression and the New Deal > Flashcards

The Great Depression and the New Deal Flashcards

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1
Q

Considered by many to be the most significant act passed during the New Deal

Established a system that would give payments to Americans after they reached retirement age

Included provisions for unemployment and disability insurance

A

Social Security Act of 1935

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2
Q

Established by Herbert Hoover to offset effects of Great Depression

Authorized to give credit to banks to assist their operations

Banks receiving these loans were expected to extend loans to businesses providing jobs or building low-cost housing

A

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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3
Q

“an equitable shared abundance”

government had obligation to establish “democracy of opportunity for all people”

poor men “are not free men”

threat to economic freedom by the “new despotism” of large corporations

A

Democrat Conception of Liberty

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4
Q

Idea of “freedom for private enterprise”

A

Republican Conception of Liberty

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5
Q

Led by Upton Sinclair

Called for the state to use idle factories and land for jobs

Advocate for stronger action to help individuals

A

End Poverty in California Movement

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6
Q

Accumulated fortune as mining engineer

Coordinated overseas food relief

Called “the only man” to emerge from Versailles “with an enhanced reputation”

Wrote a book called American Individualism

Beat Alfred Smith with over 58% of the popular vote

A

Herbert Hoover

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7
Q

“For the first time in our history, the full weight of the Department will be thrown behind the effort to preserve in this country the blessing of liberty”

A

Frank Murphy

Civil Liberties Unit of Department of Justice

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8
Q

People lined streets looking for food

100,000 people applied for work in the Soviet Union

Suicide rate was highest in history

Birthrate was lowest in history

Resignation and self-blame by some; protests by others

Upsurge in riot insurance at Lloyds of London

A

Populations Response to the Great Depression

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9
Q

Organization that worked with groups of business leaders to set up industry codes for standards of output, prices

Eliminated “cutthroat” competition

Exempt from anti-trust laws

Recognized workers rights to form unions (Section 7a)

Headed by Hugh S. Johnson

Ultimately unsuccessful in promoting economic recovery

A

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

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10
Q

Made it a federal crime to “teach, advocate, or encourage” the overthrow of the government

A

Smith Act

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11
Q

Term for state of economy in which..

…GNP had fallen by one-third

…prices had fallen by 40%

…25% of workforce could not find work

A

Great Depression

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12
Q

Referred to the region as the nation’s #1 economic problem

Revealed it lagged behind in industrialization, education

Highlighted per capita income one-half of the rest of the nation

A

“Report of the Economic Conditions in the South”

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13
Q

Formed in 1934 by anti-New Deal politicians and business leaders to oppose the policies of Franklin Roosevelt

Stated the New Deal policies brought America closer to fascism

A

American Liberty League

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14
Q

Created in 1934 to contruct public buildings, bridges, roads, airports

Employed both blue and white collar workers

Famously hired artists for murals and local histories

A

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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15
Q

Examples include…

…10,000 auto workers strike in Toledo

…7 hour fight between strikers and strikebreakers at Electric Auto-Light factory

…400,000 textile workers demanding recognition of United Textile Workers

A

Labor Upheaval in 1934

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16
Q

Offered aid to home owners threatened by foreclosure

A

Federal Home Loan Bank System

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17
Q

Invaluable asset to Frankl Roosevelt while he recovered from polio int he 1920s

Served as FDRs “legs”, visiting mines, schools

Urged FDR to do more to fight the Depression

A

Eleanor Roosevelt

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18
Q

Broadcasts on the radio by President Franklin Roosevelt addressed directly to the American people

FDR completed 16 in his first 2 terms

Appealed to traditional values in support fo new policies

A

Fireside Chats

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19
Q

Established to regulate stock and bond markets

A

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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20
Q

Created in March 1933 to have unemployed young men work on conservation projects including…

…forest preservation

…flood control

…improvement of national parks

Employed about 3 million people who received government wages of $30 per month

A

Civilian Conservation Corps

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21
Q

New usage of term that includes a large, active socially conscious state

A

“Liberalism”

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22
Q

Supreme Court case that ruled the Agricultural Adjustment Administration was unconstituational exercise of congressional power over local economic activities

A

United States v. Butler

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23
Q

WWI veterans had received $60 severence bonus

Depression led veterans to demand early payment

Patman bill introduced in support of early payment; 17,000 veterans marched on Washington DC to demand passage of bill

Driven from their camp by the U.S. Army

A

Bonus Army

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24
Q

Result of Democrat members of Congress from Southern states, who led many of the Congressional committees due to their seniority, to control legislation

A

“Soutern Veto”

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25
Q

Created in May 1933 to provide grants to local agencies that aid impoverished people

Contrary to Roosevelt’s preference for using spending to create temporary jobs

A

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

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26
Q

Period from March through June 1933 at the beginning of the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt

Unprecedented flurry of legislation that created programs to help famers, banks, unemployed workers, and businessmen

Prohibition was repealed

Rapid expansion of federal power

A

Hundred Days

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27
Q

FDRs plan to increase the size the Supreme Court

Claimed many of the judges were older and needed help keeping up with work

Really wanted to “pack the court” because it had outlawed New Deal acts

A

Justice Reorganization Bill

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28
Q

Practice of purchasing either land or stocks with the intent of selling them soon after for a much higher price later

A

Speculation

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29
Q

The country “was in such a state of confused desperation that it would ahve followed almost any leader anywhere he chose to go.”

A

Walter Lippman

Referring to Banking Crisis and Great Depresssion at the time of Roosevelt’s first election

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30
Q

Labor tactic where workers refuse to leave their factory until management meets their demands

Famous example was at General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan, beginning in November 1936

Workers won after 44 days

“They made a palace out of what had been their prison”

A

Sit Down Strikes

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31
Q

Novel that captured the plight of farmers during the Dust Bowl

Written by John Steinbeck

A

The Grapes of Wrath

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32
Q

Series of policies instituted by Franklin Roosevelt and his advisors from 1933-1941 that attempted to offset the effects of the Great Depression on American society

Attempted to find middle ground between…

…socialism on the left

…Nazism on the right

…inaction of the upholders of unregulated capitalism

A

New Deal

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33
Q

Launced by Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier

Ended policy of forced assimilation

Allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy

Created schools on Indian reservations

Dramatically increased spending on Indian health

A

“Indian New Deal”

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34
Q

Tax legislation championed by Roosevelt was called a “soak the rich” plan by his opponents

Under the bill, corporate, inheitance, and gift taxes went up dramatically

Income taxes for the upper brackets rose

FDR wanted to diffuse more radical plans

A

Revenue Act of 1935

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35
Q

Part of the National Industrial Recovery Act

Directed by Harold Ickes

Funded with $3.3 billion used for roads, schools, hospitals, bridges

Employed over 4 million

Roosevelt ordered it dissolved

A

Public Works Administration

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36
Q

Group of unions that broke from AFL in 1938 and organized effective union drives in the automobile and rubber industries

Supported sit down strikes in major rubber plants

Head of United Mine Workers led by John Lewis became the leader

A

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

37
Q

Frances Perkins (Secretary of Labor)

Harry Hopkins

Harold Ickes (Secretary of Interior)

Louis Brandeis

“brains trust” – academics from Columbia

A

Key Advisors to Roosevelt

38
Q

Included…

…secure “economic freedom and industrial democracy”

…fair share of wealth produced by their labor

…voice in determining conditions under which they worked

A

Goals of CIO

39
Q

Moved inauguration from March 4 to January 20

A

Twentieth Amendment

40
Q

Referrence to the larger numbers of African-Americans appointed to high level government positions

A

“Black Cabinet”

41
Q

Started a period of political stalemate

Coalition of southern Democrats and northern Republicans dominated Congress

A

Congressional Election of 1938

42
Q

Campaign promise of a “new deal” but with few details

Guarantee that “every man [had] a right to make a comfortable living

Democrats called for the repeal of Prohibition

Roosevelt received 57% of the popular vote and 472 electoral votes

A

Election of 1932

43
Q

His New Deal helped lay the foundations of the American social-welfare state

He was the only person elected president four times, in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944

Raised in privilege on a New York country estate

Graduated from Harvard in 1904

Contracted polio in 1921; his use of wheelchair was concealed

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt

44
Q

Ambitious New Deal program that provided electricity to residents of a valley

Promoted agricultural and industrial growth (and prevented flooding)

Residents of seven states benefitted from the entity

A

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

45
Q

Slogan was “Every Man a King”

Called for immediate grant of $5,000 and a job to all citizens

Financed by immediate consfication of wealth from rich

Promoted by Huey Long

A

Share Our Wealth Movement

46
Q

Authorized by Congress in 1930 as response to Great Depression

Raised taxes on imported goods to the highest levels in history

Effect on world trade was disasterous as other countries responded with barriers on American goods

A

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

47
Q

Bureau established in 1933

Designed to restore economic position of farmers by paying them not to farm goods that were being overproduced

Ironically resulted in crops and pigs being destroyed while many were going hungry

Benefits flowed primarily to property owning farmers – many tenant farmers were evicted

A

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

48
Q

Focused on helping the poor and attacking the wealthy

Intended to turn Americans away from more radical measures

Key legilative acts were Social Security, National Labor Relations Act, the Wealth Tax Act

A

Second New Deal

49
Q

Ended policy of dividing Indian lands into small parcels for each family

A

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

50
Q

Prohibited both members of a married couple from having government jobs

Led to the dismissal of many femail civil service employees

A

Economy Act of 1932

51
Q

Term to describe Hoover’s response to first years of Depression, characterized by…

…voluntary steps to maintain investment

…frequent public statements that “the tide had turned”

…Secretary of Treasury Mellon’s advisement that downturns were normal

A

“Associational Action”

52
Q

Nickname given to Roosevelt’s unofficial advisors.

Included prominent academics and leaders of business such as economist Rexford Tugwell and political scientist Raymond Moley

A

“Brain Trust”

53
Q

Federal government provided funds to shore up threatened banks

A

Emergency Banking Act

54
Q

Stock market crash on October 29, 1929 after a period of volatility and panic selling

Investors lost $20 million

Stockbrokers and banks called in loans tha many could not pay, beginning a crisis that lead to the Great Depression

A

“Black Tuesday”

55
Q

“…the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

A

Roosevelt

Inaugural Address in March 1933

56
Q

Coalition of labor unions and industrial workers, minorities, much of the middle class, and the Solid South that carried Franklin D. Roosevelt to victories in 1936 and 1940

The basis for Democrat victories on a national level for decades

A

New Deal Coalition

57
Q

Reduced federal spending in order to win the confidence of business

A

Economy Act

58
Q

Established to oversee the nation’s broadcast airwaves and telephones

A

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

59
Q

Repealed Prohibition

A

Twenty-First Admendment

60
Q

Included…

…belief in socially conscious state making “positive and constructive changes in economic arrangements” and

…respect for civil liberties and cultural pluralism including group identity, personal behavior, free expression of ideas

A

New Progressive Definition of Freedom

61
Q

Call for blacks to organize for economic survival given their unemployment rate was 2x that of white

A

“A Nation Within a Nation”

62
Q

Declaration by Roosevelt to stop all bank operations in order to get withdrawals under control

One-third of banks closed between 1929 and 1933

A

“Bank Holiday”

63
Q

Provided federal insurance of mortgages

A

Federal Housing Administration

64
Q

Written by John Mayndard Keynes in 1936

Argued that large scale government spending was needed to sustain purchasing power and stimulate the economy

A

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

65
Q

Symbol that was used to designate compliance with the National Recovery Administration’s industry codes

A

Blue Eagle

66
Q

Modeled after the War Industries Board that was in place during WW I

Established the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Roosevelt called it the “most important and far reaching legislation ever enacted by the American Congress”

A

National Industrial Recovery Act

67
Q

Result of dry weather and the destruction of topsoil by mechanized equipment during 1931 to 1940

Storms were know as “black blizzards”

Affected Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado

Displaced more than 1 million farmers, many of whom went to California to work as migrant farmers

A

Dust Bowl

68
Q

1935 New Deal program attempted to provide aid to the poorest farmers, resettle some farmers from the Dust Bowl and establish farm cooperatives

Never received the funding it needed, and in 1937 the Farm Security Administration was created to replace it

A

Resettlement Administration

69
Q

Dorothea Lange photographs of migrant workers

Federal Music Project preserved folk music

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington movie

Martha Graham’s American Document dance

A

Artistic Support of Popular Front

70
Q

Alignment of communists, socialists, labor radicals and New Dealers

Urged reform of the capitalist system, not revolution

Vision included…

…social and economic radicalism defined Americanism

…American way of life meant unionism

A

Popular Front

71
Q

Practice in the late 1920s of buying stock and only paying 10% of the value of that stock

System only worked when investors could sell at a profit and repay their loans

After 1920 crash, many could not repay their loans

A

“On the Margin”

or

“Margin Loans”

72
Q

Called the National Labor Relations Act and known at the time as “Labor’s Magna Carta”

Empowered the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections at companies

Outlawed “unfair labor practices” including firing and blacklisting union organizers

Promised unionization and hire wages would aid economic recovery by boosting purchasing power of citizens

A

Wagner Act

73
Q

Attacked Wall Street bankers and greedy capitalists on his weekly radio program

Known as the “radio priest”

Called for government ownership of key industries

A

Father Charles E. Coughlin

74
Q

Explanation of the cause of the Depression that started with an imbalance of wealth and income

Unions argued that they could address this cause by providing a “rate of pay commensurate with an American standard of living”

A

Underconsumption

75
Q

Groups of crude houses made of cardboard and spare wood that sprung up on the fringes of many American cities

Occupied by unemployed workers

A

Hoovervilles

76
Q

Conceived by California doctor Francis Townshend in 1934, this plan would give every retired American $200 a month, with the stipulation that it all be spent that month

Townshend claimed that this would revitalize the economy by putting money in circulation

A

Old Age Revolving Pension Plan

77
Q

FDR won landslide with over 60% of the popular vote

Carried every state except Maine and Vermont

A

Election of 1936

78
Q

Authorized lending of federal money to farmers’ cooperatives to buy crops to keep them from the oversaturated market

Hampered by lack of adequote federal financial support

A

Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929

79
Q

Supreme Court decision to declare the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional

A

Schechter v. United States

80
Q

First woman to hold a presidential cabinet position

A

Frances Perkins

81
Q

Promoted plan for $200 monthly payment that was required to be spent immediately

Clubs claimed over 2 million members

A

Dr. Frances Townsend

and

Townsend Clubs

82
Q

Governor and later Senator from Louisiana

Instituted many New Deal type programs

Dominated every branch of state government while in Washington

Nickname was the “Kingfish”

Used powers to build roads, schools, hospitals,

Initially supportive of New Deal but grew to believe it was not enough to help the poor

A

Huey Long

83
Q

Banned goods produced by child labor from interstate commerce

Set forty cents as the minimum wage

Requried overtime pay for hours of work exceeding forty

Established federal regulation of wages and working conditions

A

Fair Labor Standards Board

84
Q

Federal government insurance of accounts of individual depositors

A

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

85
Q

Barred commercial banks from involvement in stocks

Prevented many irresponsible practices that had led to the stock market crash

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A

Glass-Steagall Act

86
Q

Economic Planning in 1933-34

Economic Redistribution in 1935-36

Public Spending in 1937

A

New Deal Philosophies

87
Q

Southern congressmen blocked anti-lynching law

Roosevelt would not jeopardize New Deal with racial fight

CCC had segregated camps

Federal Housing Administration allowed mortgages that banned future sales to non-whites

Federal employment practices discriminated on the basis of race – many New Deal construction projects refused to hire blacks

A

New Deal Limited Impact on Black Equality

88
Q

Nine young black men were accused of raping two white women in a railway boxcar in Arizona in 1931

Characterized by quick trials, suppressed evidence, and inadequte legal council made them symbols of the discrimination that faced blacks on a daily basis

Supreme Court overturned twice and established two new liberties…

…defendants have a right to effective legal representation

…states cannot systematically exclude blacks from juries

A

Scottsboro Case

or

Scottsboro Boys

AP History (Bob) (28 decks)

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