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AP History (Bob) > American Revolution (1754-1789) > Flashcards

American Revolution (1754-1789) Flashcards

1
Q

1764 British act forbidding the colonies to issue paper money as legal tender

Repealed in 1773 by the British as an effort to ease tensions with the colonies

A

Currency Act

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2
Q

1773 act by Parliament that would provide the colonies with cheap tea, but at the same time force the colonies to admit that Parliament had a right to tax them

Effort to resolve financial problems of the East India Company

Rebates and tax exemptions allowed East India Company to dumb low cost tea in colonial market

Sons of Liberty resisted, most notably at the Boston Tea Party

Britain responded with the Coercive Acts

A

Tea Act of 1773

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3
Q

In response to the Tea Act and additional British taxes on tea, Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans threw nearly 350 chests of tea into Boston harbor on December 16, 1773

East India Company lost about $4 million

Parliment closed Boston harbor and passed the Coercive Acts

A

Boston Tea Party

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4
Q

Signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the Revolutionary War

Britain recognized American independence

United States received a western boundary at the Mississippi River

Spain received Florida, and France received territory in Africa and the West Indies

A

Treaty of Paris, 1783

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5
Q

December 26, 1776 surprise attack launched by George Washington’s army against Hessians at Trenton, New Jersey

30 Hessians were killed and 950 captured, while only 3 Americans were wounded

Victory gave a great psychological boost to the American war effort

A

Battle of Trenton

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6
Q

An effort to pay for the British army located in North America, this 1764 measure taxed sugar and other imports

Tried to raise money from the American trade with the French West Indies

Harsh penalties were imposed on smugglers who did not pay the duty

A

Sugar Act

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7
Q

Established states of self-government for the WEst

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Divided regions into districts governed by Congress and then admitted to the Union

A

Ordinance of 1784

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8
Q

Crowds of debt-ridden farmers attempted to close courts in western Massachusett

Aim was to prevent the seizure of land for failure to pay debts and state taxes

Governor Bowdoin dispatched the army to disperse; 1,000 arrested in January 1787

Started debate over national authority versus state liberty

A

(Daniel) Shay’s Rebellion

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9
Q

Started with 1754 effort by British to dislodge French from forts in western Pennsylvannia

George Washington lost 1/3 of men at Fort Necessity from attack by French and Indians

British Prime Minister turned around war by pouring money and people

A

Seven Years’ War

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10
Q

British Prime Minister who took office in 1757

Poured money and people into Seven Years’ War

A

William Pitt

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11
Q

Agreement that concluded the Seven Years’ War

France ceded Canada to Britain, getting Guadeloupe, Martinique

Spain ceded Florida to Britain in return for Cuba and acquired Louisiana colony

Ended France’s 200 year old empire

Left Indians dependent on British

A

Peace of Paris, 1763

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12
Q

Indians launched revolt in Ohio Valley and Great Lakes

Influenced by teachings of Neolin, a Delaware religious leader

Ottawas, Huron and other indians attacked Detroit in 1763

A

Pontiac’s Rebellion

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13
Q

Prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Goal was to stabilize relations between British and Indians

A

Proclamation of 1763

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14
Q

Conflict between British soldiers and Boston civilians on March 5, 1770

Civilians threw rocks and snowballs at the soldiers, the soldiers opened fire, killing 5 and wounding 6

A

Boston Massacre

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15
Q

Parliment passed in 1765 to help pay for the British Army in North America.

Imposed tax on all legal documents and newspapers

Resistance was severe and it was eventually repealed; first major split between the colonists and Britain

A

Stamp Act

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16
Q

Men who organized opposition to British policies during the late 1760s and 1770s

Founded in Boston in response to the Stamp Act

Organized the Boston Tea Party

Samuel Adams was one of their leaders

A

Sons of Liberty

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17
Q

1765 British edict stating that to help defend the empire, colonial governments had to provide housing and food for British troops

Many colonists perceived this to be the ultimate insult

A

Quartering Act

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18
Q

On October 17,1777, British army General John Burgoyne wsa forced to surrender

American victory pesuaded the French government to sign a treaty of alliance with the United States and enter the war against Great Britain

A

Battle of Saratoga

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19
Q

German troops who fought for Great Britain during the Revolutionary War

Mercenaries sold into British service by German princes who raised money by hiring out their regiments

A

Hessians

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20
Q

Place were George Washington camped his army during the winter of 1777-1778

Soldiers suffered from hunger, cold, and disease, leading 1,300 to desert

Morale was raised by the drilling and discipline instilled by Baron Von Steuben, a former Prussian officer

A

Valley Forge

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21
Q

Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved that the Second Continental Congress declare this on June 7, 1776

Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft

Formally approved on July 2 and formally announced on July 4

A

Declaration of Independence

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22
Q

Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses

Introduced resolutions protesting the Stamp Act

Proclaimed that the act showed the tyranny of King George III, and reminded the king of the fates of Caesar and Charles I

Many considered his speech treasonous

A

Patrick Henry

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23
Q

Mssachusetts town were the first skirmish between British troops and colonial militiamen took place

During April 19, 1775 fight, 8 colonists were killed and another 9 were wounded

A

Lexington

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24
Q

Occured on April 19, 1775 between British regulars and Massachusetts militiamen

More than 70 British soldiers died and another 174 were wounded

Enabled a wider conflict between colonies and British to become much more probable

Ralph Waldo Emerson referred to it as the “shot heard round the world”

A

Battle of Concord

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25
Q

Meeting of delegates from the American colonies that began in May 1775

Some delegates hoped that the differences between the colonies and Britain could be reconciled

Congress authorized the creation of a Continental Army led by George Washington

A

Second Continental Congress

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26
Q

Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution

Many came from upper strata of society

Large numbers moved to Canada, the West Indies, or Great Britan

A

Loyalists

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27
Q

Massachusetts Assembly response to the Townshend Acts, asking other colonies to work together and jointly issue a petition of protest

Strong-willed response of the British authorities led to the colonial assemblies to work more closely together

A

Circular Letter

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28
Q

June 1775 British attack on colonial forces outside of Boston

Despite frightful losses, British emerged victorious in the battle

Americans were heartened by the damage they did to the British

A

Bunker Hill

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29
Q

Popular 1776 publication written by Thomas Paine

Repudiated the concept of government by monarchy

Encouraged the sentiment for independance in the colonies

A

Common Sense

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30
Q

Leading opponent of British policy in 1760s and 1770s

Helped organize the Sons of Liberty

Leader in the agitation surrounding the Boston Massacre

Because of the Boston Tea Party, was marked for arrest by the British

A

Samuel Adams

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31
Q

American and French forces commanded by George Washington trapped the army of General Cornwallis

French fleet in Chesapeake Bay prevented the escape or rescue of the British

British surrender on October 19, 1781 ended British hopes of victory in the war

A

Battle of Yorktown

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32
Q

1767 parliamentery acts that forced colonists to pay duties on goods coming from England, including tea and paper

New board of customs commissioners collected duties and suppressed smuggling

Used revenues to pay salaries of governors and judges

Colonial resistance was fierce; Boston was occupied by British troops

Repealed in 1770

A

Townshend Acts of 1767

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33
Q

1767 pamphlet by Pennsylvania attorney and landowner John Dickinson, in which he eloquently stated the “taxation without representation” argument

Argued that Parliament could only meaningfully represent the colonies if colonists served in it

A

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

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34
Q

Head of the British governmental department that issued and collected taxes

Many acts issued caused great resentment in the American colonies

A

Chancellor of the Exchequer

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35
Q

1766 British law starting that Parliament had an absolute right to tax the colonies and to make laws that would be enacted in the colonies

Issued at the same time as the repeal of the Stamp Act

A

Declaratory Act

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36
Q

Representatives of 9 colonies met in New York in October 1765

Document maintained the loyalty of the colonies to the Crown but condemned the Stamp Act

A

Stamp Act Congress

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37
Q

Document sent to the First Continental Congress in September 1774

Called for all citizens of all the colonies to prepare to take up arms against the British

First Continental Congress adopted them

A

Suffolk Resolves

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38
Q

1774 measure adopted by the First Continental Congress

Stated that Parliament had some rights to regulate colonial trade with Britain but that Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonies without their consent

A

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

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39
Q

Term used in the colonies for the bills passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party

Included closing Boston harbor, prohibiting local meetings, and mandatory quartering of troops in private homes

Also known as the Coercive Acts

A

Intolerable Acts

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40
Q

War fought to expand their empires in the Americas from 1754 to 1763

Spread to Europe and the rest of the world in 1756 and was called the Seven Years War

British were victorious

A

French and Indian War

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41
Q

1754 meeting of representatives from 7 colonies that coordinated their efforts against French and Native America threats in the western frontier regions

Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan of union that was rejected by both the colonies and the British government

A

Albany Congress

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42
Q

Seasoned British general sent to America to stop the French construction of a fort at what is now Pittsburgh

Braddock’s force of regulars and Americans was crushed in an ambush that cost Braddock and most of his men their lives

A

Edward Braddock

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43
Q

Responsible for overseeing colonial affairs

Colonial laws had to conform to royal instructions from this body

Encouraged assemlies to grant permanent salaries to governors

Seven Years’ War suspended this body

A

Board of Trade

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44
Q

Placed wool and hids on enumerated list

A

Revenue Act

45
Q

Word that became widely used during Revolution

Trees and Halls and Poles used it

A

“Liberty”

46
Q

First martyr of the Revolutionary War

Was killed by British at the Boston Massacre

A

Crispus Attucks

47
Q

Parliament extended southern boundary of the Canadian province to Ohio River

Granted legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church in Canada

A

Quebec Act

48
Q

Convened in Philadelphia with leaders from 12 colonies

John Adams, Samuel Adams, George Washington, Patrick Henry Lee, Patrick Henry

Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves

Agreed to meet again in May 1775

A

(First) Continental Congress

49
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s reference to the Battle of Concord

A

“shot heard round the world”

50
Q

Document sent to George III in July 1775 reaffirming loyalty

A

Olive Branch Petition

51
Q

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights…”

A

Preamble to the Declaration of Independence

52
Q

Idea that America had a special mission as refuge from tyranny

A

American Exceptionalism

53
Q

Agreement with Frace to help supply American troops

Negotiated by Benjamin Franklin

A

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

54
Q

Defector to British side; almost turned over West Point

A

Benedict Arnold

55
Q

Negotiated American independence from Britain

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay

Control of region between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi

Right to fish in Atlantic waters off Canada

A

Treaty of Paris of 1783

56
Q

State constitution that established:

one house legislature

abolished office of the governor

eliminated property ownership qualifications for officeholding

guaranteed “freedom of speech, and of writing”

A

Pennsylvania Constitution

57
Q

Restrictions on property ownership removed for this right

Vermont Constitution of 1777 completly severed financial requirements

Pennsylvania eliminated property holding but still required payment of taxes

A

Right to Vote

58
Q

Deists wanted to erect a “wall of seperation”

Evangelicals wanted to protect from the corruption of government

States took away public funding and special privilges

Maryland’s Constitution of 1778 restored rights to Catholics

Virginia Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom in 1786

A

Seperation of Church and State

59
Q

“Equality is the very soul of republic”

“A general and tolerably equal distribution of landed property is the whole basis of national freedom”

A

Noah Webster

60
Q

Result of Congress issuing hundreds of millions of dollars of paper money to finance the war

Result of hoarding of some goods by Americans hoping to profit from shortages

A

Inflation of 1779

61
Q

“Invisible Hand” of free markets directed the economy better than governments

A

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

62
Q

First tract arguing against slavery

A

Samual Sewall’s The Selling of Joseph

63
Q

Offered freedom to slaves who joined the British cause

800 blacks escaped and joined Britain’s Ethiopian Regiment as a result

George Washington reacted by accepting black recruits

5,000 blacks enlisted in state militias and the Continental Army

A

Lord Dunmore’s 1775 Proclamation

64
Q

Voluntary release of slaves in 1780s by many owners in Virginia and Maryland

Most states discouraged the importation of more slaves

Vermont Constitution of 1777 banned slaves

A

First Emancipation

65
Q

Disguised herself as a man and fought in the Continental Army

Extracted a bullet from her own leg

A

Deborah Sampson

66
Q

Organized by Esther Reed and Sarah Franklin Bache

Raised funds

Helped propel women into new areas of public activisim

A

Ladies’ Association

67
Q

Wife of early president and shrewd analyst of public affairs

A

Abigail Adams

68
Q

Husband had legal authority over the person, property and choices

For women, marriage contract superseded the social contract

A

Principle of “Coverture”

69
Q

Term for role that women played in training the future citizens

Encouraged the expansion of eduational opportunities

A

Republican Motherhood

70
Q

First written constitution of the United States

Drafted by congress in 1777 and ratifed by the states in 1781 and allowed much power to retain with the states

More of a treat for mutual defense

One house Congress with each state having single vote

Major decisions required approval of nine states

No power to levy taxes or regulate commerce

No executive or president to enforce laws

No judiciary to enforce laws

Amendments required unanimous consent

A

Articles of Confederation

71
Q

Treaties that secured large tracts of land for the United States from the Indians

Fort Stanwix, New York in 1784

Fort McIntosh near Pittsburgh in 1785

A

Peace Conferences

72
Q

Established stages of self-government for the West

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Divided region into districts governed by Congress and then admitted to the Union

A

Ordinance of 1784

73
Q

Regulated land sales north of the Ohio River

Became known as the “Old Northwest”

Sections of one square mile, 640 acres sold for $1 per acre. One section set aside for public education

A

Ordinance of 1785

74
Q

Established three to five states north of the Ohio River

Jefferson’s principle of “empire of liberty” – admit states as political equals

Prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest

A

Ordinance of 1787

75
Q

“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing”

A

Thomas Jefferson

76
Q

“Liberty [is] endangered by the abuses of liberty as wellas the abuses of power”

A

James Madison

77
Q

Believed future greatness depended on national authority

Included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton plus army officers and members of Congress who were used to working with others

Gathered in September 1786 to considered interstate commerce and in May 1787; decided to scrap the Articles of Confederation and draft a new Constitution

A

Nationalists of the 1780s

78
Q

Gathering of 55 men including George Washington, George Mason, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton

A

Constitutional Convention

79
Q

Economic theory derived from 18th century economist Adam Smith, who argued the economy would run smoothly if the government took a hands-off role

Opposed high tariffs and economic protectionism

A

Laissez-faire Economics

80
Q

Soldiers who joined the national army commanded by Washington

Joined up for multi-year terms of service, unlike fellow citizens in the militias

A

Continentals

81
Q

Belief that representation in the legislature should be based on population, with more populous states having more representatives

A

Proportional Representation

82
Q

Proposal at the Constitutional Convention underwhich Congress would consist of one house with one representative from each state

Congress would have considerable power to regulate trade

A

New Jersey Plan

83
Q

Plan drafted by Roger Sherman of Connecticut in which one house of Congress would be based on population while in the other all states would be represented equally

The plan speeded ratification of the Constitution

A

Great Compromise

84
Q

Procedure outlined in the Constitution for the election of the president

Votes from a body from each state and not the popular vote determined who is elected president

A person who does not win the popular vote can still be elected president

A

Electoral College

85
Q
A
85
Q

Compromise that each slave would count as three-fifths of a free person

South wanted slaves to count in full and the North did not

A

Three-Fifths Compromise

86
Q

Held in all states for the purpose of approving the new Constitution of the United States

Most states narrowly approved the Constitution; it was defeated in Rhode Island

Constitution was passed in July 1788

A

Ratifying Conventions

87
Q

Legislative structure consisting of two houses

Membership of the House of Representatives is determined by population

In the Senate, all states have equal representation

A

Bicameral Legislature

88
Q

Governmental structure with one -house legislature

United States had this structure under the Articles of Confederation

A

Unicameral Legislature

89
Q

Exercised executive authority under the Articles of Confederation when Congress was in recess

One representative served from each state

A

Committee of Thirteen

(also known as Committee of the States)

90
Q

Bills passed in 1784, 1785, and 1787 that authorized the sale of lands in the Northwest Territory to raise money for the national government

Carefully laid out the procedures for eventual statehood

A

Northwest Ordinances

91
Q

Term for supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process

Later the name for the party of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams

Commercial interest favored this group

Influence ended after 1816

A

Federalists

92
Q

Group that opposed ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and 1788

Feared that strong central government would take power “from the people” and behave as the British government had before the Revolution

Led by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry

A

Anti-Federalists

93
Q

Addition to the Constitution proposed by James Madison that added basic protections like freedom of speech

Added in 1791

A

Bill of Rights

94
Q

Plan for a stronger central government drafted by James Madison and adopted by the Constitutional Convention

Proposed that powers of government be divided between the executive, judicial and legislative branches of government

A

Virginia Plan

95
Q

authority diffused and balanced among three branches

Congress enacts laws but president can veto

Federal judges nominated by president but approved by Congress

President can be impeached by the House and removed by the Senate

A

System of Checks and Balances

96
Q

Allowed slave trade to continue until 1808

South Carolina and Georgia imported 100,000 slaves until then

A

Slave Trade Clause

97
Q

Eighty-five essays under the pen name Publius

Composed by Hamilton, Madison and Jay

Argued that the Constitution protected liberty and was not a threat

A

The Federalist Papers

98
Q

Developed new vision that government must be based on the will of the people

Size of the government was a source of stability – the United States should “extend the sphere”

Multiplicity of religious denominations offered the best security for religious liberty

A

Federalist 10 and Federalist 51

99
Q

Freedom of religion, speech, press, right of assembly

A

First Amendment

100
Q

Established right to “keep and bear arms” with “well-regulated militia”

A

Second Amendment

101
Q

Established that rights not mentioned in Constitution would be retained by the people

A

Ninth Amendment

102
Q

Established that rights not delegated to the national government rised with the states

A

Tenth Amendment

103
Q

“We the people…”

People were Indians, other persons (slaves), and people who were entitled to American freedom

A

Opening of American Constitution

104
Q

Group led by Little Turtle that inflicted defeat on American forces in 1791

A

Miami Confederacy

105
Q

Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle (Indian leader of Miami Confederacy) in 1794

A

Battle of Fallen Timbers

106
Q

Twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government

A

Treaty of Greenville of 1795

107
Q

First legislative definition of American nationality

Congress restricted citizenship to “free white persons”

A

Naturalization Act of 1790

AP History (Bob) (28 decks)

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