The Home Front During the War

Question 1

Agency of the US government that supervised production for the purpses of war

Established by Executive Order 9024

Directed the conversion of industries, allocation of scarce resources including the rationing of gasoline, oil, metals

Led by Donald Nelson

Answer 1

War Production Board

Question 2

Agency charged with balancing the labor needs of agriculture, industry and armed forces

Answer 2

War Manpower Commission

Question 3

Established the control money and rents during WWII

Answer 3

Office of Price Administration

Question 4

Sold by the government during the war to raise money

Holder was able to cash in after 5-10 years, earning interest on the money invested

Answer 4

War Bonds

or

Liberty Bonds

Question 5

Close relationship between government, military and business

Emerged in many parts of the United States, especially the shipyards on the West Coast and around Los Angeles

Included government sponsored research in radar, jet engines, early computers

Answer 5

Military-Industrial Complex

Question 6

Legislation that limited labor action for the rest of the war

Resulted for believe that strikes, especially those in the coal mines by the United Mine Workers, were detrimental to the war effort

Answer 6

Smith-Connally Act

Question 7

Fundamental principles for which the United States stood…

…speech and expression

…worship

…want

…fear

Answer 7

Four Freedoms

Question 8

Described as the general desire for security in a world spinning out of control

Answer 8

Freedom from Fear

Question 9

Supreme Court case in 1940 ruling 8-1 against a Jehovah’s Witnesses refusal to salute the American flag

Argued that religious values paled compared to national unity

Answer 9

Minersville School District v. Gobitis

Question 10

Supreme Court reversal of Gobitis

Freedom of Speech gave all the right to not salue the flag

Answer 10

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

Question 11

Defined as protecting the future “standard of living of the American worker and farmer” by guaranteeing the Depression would not resume

Carlos Bulosan’e essay included idea of…

…having enough to eat

…sending children to school

…sharing the promise and fruits of American life

Answer 11

Freedom from Want

Question 12

Purpose was to mobilize public opinion in support of the war

Tactics included…

…promoting war as “people’s war for freedom”

…downplay motivation to pay back Japanese for Pearl Harbor

…used radio, film, press, other media

Answer 12

Office of War Information (OWI)

Question 13

Entity that allowed private companies to join campaign to promote patriotism and position brands for the post-war period

Promoted “free enterprise” as the fifth freedom and the idea that “freedom of choice” only possible if business is freed from government

Answer 13

War Advertising Council

Question 14

Image of the woman factory worker taking on factory jobs held by departing men

Drawn by Norman Rockwell as muscular and self-reliant

Answer 14

Rosie the Riveter

Question 15

One of two competing blueprints for post-war America

Argued that Americans must embrace the role as the “dominant power in the world”

American power, values would underpin unimaginable prosperity

The “abundant life” would be produced by “free economic enterprise”

Answer 15

The American Century by Henry Luce

Question 16

One of two blueprints for post-war America

Delivered in May 1942 at the Free World Association

Predicted a “century of the common man” and a world marked by internation cooperation

Governments would eliminate hunger, illiteracy, poverty through economic redistribution

Answer 16

“The Price of Free World Victory” by Henry Wallace

Question 17

Offered blueprint for peacetime economy that included…

…full employment

…expanded welfare state

…shared American standard of living

Reliance on dramatic increase in government spending and reflected the views of John Maynard Keynes

Answer 17

National Resources Planning Board

Question 18

Proposal by Roosevelt to…

…secure full employment, guarantee adequate income, medical care, education, decent home

Spent little time promoting the idea and Congress did not act on it

“True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence” Roosevelt

Answer 18

Economic Bill of Rights

Question 19

Far reaching social legislation that helped returning soldiers with…

…unemployment pay

…scholarships for education

…low-cost mortgage loans

…pensions

…job training

Answer 19

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

or

GI Bill

Question 20

Surprise best-selling book arguing that central economic planning leads to dictatorship

Offered intellectual justification for limited government

…in a complex economy, no single person can direct economic activity intelligently

Answer 20

The Road to Serfdom by Friedrich Hayek

Question 21

Result of World War II changes including…

…European immigrants moving out of ethnic neighborhoods

…people of all backgrounds coming into contact

…Roosevelt’s promotion of pluralism as the only source of harmony

Answer 21

Patriotic Assimilation

Question 22

“To be an American had always been a matter of mind and heart and never…a matter of race or ancestry”

Answer 22

Roosevelt on Cultural Pluralism

Question 23

Abandoned scientific links between race, culture and intelligence

Influenced by books…

…Races and Racism

…Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race

Answer 23

Discredit of Nativism and Racism

Answer 24

Harlem Race Riot of 1943

Question 25

Agreement by Mexican and American governments allow tens of thousands of contract laborers to work in the United States

Initially a response to the war time labor shortage

Re-enforced status of immigrants as unskilled workers

Opened up new opportunites for 2nd generation Mexican-Americans

Answer 25

Bracero Program

Question 26

Sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youth in Los Angeles in 1943

Limits of wartime tolerance and an embarrasment to FDR given 1/2 million Mexican-Americans in armed forces and his Good Neighbor Policy

Answer 26

Zoot Suit Riots

Question 27

Navajo “Code Talkers” helped secure communications

Iroquois issued their own declaration of war against Axis powers

Answer 27

American Indian Support for War

Question 28

Group that dominated vegetable farming in the Los Angeles area many of whom only spoke English and had never been to their ancesteral home

Were blamed for the War based on their aggressive racial and national character

Answer 28

Japanese-Americans

Question 29

Issued by FDR in February 1942 expelling persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast

Created internment camps

Validated by the Supreme Court in 1944

Did not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii

Answer 29

Executive Order 9066

Question 30

Created from horse stables, makeshift shacks, barracks to house Japanese-Americans affected by Executive Order 9066

Answer 30

Internment Camps

Question 31

Only congresman who spoke out against how the Japanese internment camps undermined basic freedoms including…

…no court hearings

…no due process

…no writ of habeas corpus

Answer 31

Senator Robert Taft

Question 32

Supreme Court ruling upholding the legality of the internment camps

Answer 32

Korematsu v. United States

Question 33

It “lies about like a loaded weapon, ready for the hand of authority that can bring forward a plausible claim” of national authority.

Answer 33

Justice Robert Jackson

Question 34

700,000 black migrants poured out of the South seeking jobs in the industrial heartland

Answer 34

“Liberty Trains”

Question 35

Organized by Philip Randolph who was angered by the exclusion of African-Americans from defense jobs

Out of 100,000 aircraft workers there were only 300 blacks

Answer 35

March on Washington

Question 36

Issued by FDR to ban discrimination in defense jobs

Established the Fair Employment Practices Commission which was…

…primarily an investigative agency

…held hearings that exposed patterns of racial exclusion

Answer 36

Executive Order 8802

Question 37

Idea and term coined by the Pittsburgh Courier that for blacks it was important to have…

…victory over Germany and Japan

…victory over segregation at home

Answer 37

Double V

Question 38

Supreme Court ruling that outlawed all white primaries in elections, which resulted in discrimination

Answer 38

Smith v. Allwright

Question 39

Sprawling account of America’s racial past, present and future

Racism was embedded in law, politics, economics, social behavior

Appealed to American principles along with federal social engineering including…

…anti-lynching laws

…equal opportunity in the workplace

…end to segregated housing

…expansion of Social Security to include agricultural and domestic workers

Answer 39

An American Dilemma by

Gunnar Myrdal

Question 40

Organization that tried to place colonial liberation at the top of the black American agenda

Answer 40

Council on African Affairs