Early Republic (1789-1815) Flashcards
Group of Massachusetts Federalist who met to voice displeasure with the policies of Thomas Jefferson during his second term
Proposed that the New England states and New York secede from the Union
Essex Junto
Forced march of 20,000 members of the Cherokee tribe to their newly designated “homeland” in Oklahoma
Federal troops forced the Cherokees westward in 1838, with 1 out of every 5 Native Americans dying from hunger, disease, or exhaustion along the way
Trail of Tears
Religious revival movement that began at the beginning of the 19th century
Revivalist ministers asked thousands of worshippers at revival meetings to save their own souls
Reflected the move away from redestination in American Protestantism
Second Great Awakening
1801 bill passed by the Federalist Congress before Jefferson’s inauguration, designed to maintain Federalist control of the judiciary by reducing the number of Supreme Court justices and increasing the number of federal judges that John Adams could appoint
Repealed by Congress in 1802
Judiciary Act
Power of Supreme Court to decide the constitutionality of any federal or state law.
Established in the 1803 decision Marbury v. Madison by Chief Justice John Marshall
Decision increased federal power as many had argued that individual states should have this power
Judicial Review
Shawnee soldier and statesman who tried to form a Native American confederacy to resist further white expansion
Killed at the Battle of the Thames, fighting for the British in the War of 1812
Tecumseh
Served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835
His ruling in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review
A federalist who was a defender of strong national government
John Marshall
Group of younger Democratic-Republican congressmen including Henry Clay and John Calhoun who believed that British policy by 1812 threatened American sovereignty
War Hawks
Issued by President Washington in 1793 to announce American neutrality in the war between Britain and Revolutionary France
Declaration of Neutrality
Refusal in the Ohio territory by settlers to pay federal excise taxes on whiskey in 1793
President Washington led an army to put down the rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
1793 treaty to easy tensions between the United States and Great Britain
British agreed to abandon forts they had occupied on American territory in the west
British refused to make concessions over the rights of American ships
Jay’s Treaty
Bank planned by Alexander Hamilton to be funded by government and private sources
Believed bank would give economic security to the new nation
Jefferson and Madison believed it to be unconstitutional
National Bank
1790 report by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposing that the federal government assume the entire national debt and play a greater role in the economy
Jefferson and Madison opposed this expansion of federal economic power
Report on the Public Credit
Philosophy that trade barriers and protective tariffs inhibit economic growth
Jefferson proposed this policy that would have the effect of keeping prices low for farmers and planters
Free Trade
Party of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Supported limited government and the values of the yeoman farmer
Opposed the Federalists who supported a strong national state and commerical interests
Democratic-Republicans
Gave the president power to expel aliens deemed “dangerous to the country’s well-being”
Outlawed publication and public pronouncement of “fals, scandalous, and malicious” statements about the government
Alien and Sedition Acts
Resolutions passed by states that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, going beyond the powers of the federal government
Predated later southern arguments that the states could “nullify” federal laws
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
American commissioners sent to France in 1797 to negotiate a treaty were approached by emissaries of the French foreign minister and asked for a bribe
Americans refused, public opinion at home was outraged, and an undeclared naval ware with France ran from 1798 to 1800
XYZ Affair
Judicial appointments made by an outgoing president or governor int he last hours before leaving office
John Adams made judicial appointments in the hours before Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated
Midnight Appointments
1803 decision by Chief Justice John Marshall establishing the principle of judicial review
Supreme Court has the ultimate power to decide if any federal or state law is unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
1803 purchase of huge territory from Napoleon of France for $15 million
Territory ran from Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains
Louisiana Purchase
1803 to 1806 expeditition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore and map the Louisiana territory and establish good relations with the Native Americans living there
Reported that settlement was possible in much of the region, which was well worth the purchase price
Lewis and Clark Expedition
British policy of forcing ex-sailors and civilians into naval service
British seized nearly 7,500 sailors from American ships, including some American citizens
Practice was one of the causes of the War of 1812
Impressment
Declaration by President Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe
American sea rights as a neutral power were threatened
Jefferson hoped that it would force Britain and France to respect American neutrality
Embargo of 1807
President Madison supported this 1809 legislation, which authorized trade with all countries except Britain and France
Stated that trade would resume with these countries when they respected America’s neutral rights
Britain and France ignored this act
Non-Intercourse Act
1814 treaty between United States and Great Britain ending the War of 1812
Restored diplomatic relations between the two countries but did nothing to address the issues that had initially caused the war
Treaty of Ghent
Meeting of New England Federalist in the closing months of the War of 1812
Threatened that New England would seced unless trade restrictions imposed by President Madison were lifted
American victory in the war made their protests seem pointless
Harford Convention
Established separate balloting in the Electoral College for president and vice president
Resulted from 1800 deadlock when Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, tied in electoral votes, forcing the House to decide the election for Jefferson
Ratified in 1804
Twelfth Amendment
Served with George Washington in the Revolutionary War
Supported the Constitution and helped write the Federalist Papers
As the first Secretary of the Treasury, worked to strengthen the federal government
Killed in a dual with Aaron Burr
Alexander Hamilton
