Colonial North America (1690-1754)

Question 1

Voyage across the Atlantic take by slaves on their way to the Americas

Sickness, disease, and death were rampant

More than 20% of the slaves who began the voyage were dead by the time the ship landed

Traders maximized profits by shipping as many slaves as possible on each ship

Answer 1

Middle Passage

Question 2

Known as the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe, this war ran from 1702-1713, and pitted England against France and Spain

Native Americans fought on both sides

English were victorious and won Hudson Bay and Nova Scotia from France

Answer 2

Queen Anne’s War

Question 3

120 men, women, and children were arrested for witchcraft in 1692

19 of them were executed before a new royal governor stopped the prosecutions

Reflected tensions between farming and commercial interests

Answer 3

Salem Witch Trials

Question 4

Colonial war against the French that lasted from 1689 to 1697

Army from the New England colonies attacked Quebec but was forced to retreat because of a lack of strong leadership and an outbreak of smallpox amongst the troops

Answer 4

King William’s War

Question 5

Treaty that ended the French and Indian War

Britain gained most French territory in the New World, most importantly Canada

Britain gained Florida from Spain

France gave Spain Louisiana as compensation for the loss of Florida

Answer 5

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Question 6

Seasoned British general sent to America to stop the French construction of a fort at what is now the city of Pittsburgh

On July 9, 1755, his force of regulars and Americans was crushed in an ambush that cost him and most of his men their lives

Answer 6

Edward Braddock

Question 7

18th-century European intellectual movement that attempted to discover the natural laws governing science and society

Taught that progress was inevitable

Included philosophers who greatly influenced Americans, such as John Locke, who emphasized natural rights

Answer 7

Enlightenment

Question 8

Existed in all the British colonies in America

First was the Virginia House of Burgesses

Members were almost always from the upper classes of colonial society

Insisted they had same rights/powers enjoyed by House of Commons in Britain

Answer 8

Colonial Assemblies

Question 9

British policy of the early 1700s stating that as long as the American colonies remained politically loyal and continued trade with Great Britain, the government would relax enforcement of the Navigation Acts

Despite this, tensions continued to exist concerning British trade policy

Answer 9

Salutary Neglect

Question 10

1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina in which more than 75 slaves killed white citizens and marched through the countryside

After the rebellion was crushed, slave owners imposed harsher discipline, tax on imported slaves

Largest slave rebellion in 18th-century America

Slaves were armed by Spain and helped defend St. Augustine from Georgia in 1740

Answer 10

Stono Rebellion

Question 11

Amglican minister who proved to be a dynamic and charismatic preacher during the Great Awakening

Preached to as many as 20,000 people at a time

His 1740 tour of the colonies was the high point of the Great Awakening

Encouraged the emergence of Dissenting churches: Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian

Answer 11

George Whitefield

Question 12

Mnisters concerned that factors were underming religious devotion: westward expansion, commerical development, enlightenment

Great religious revival that swept through the colonies from the 1720s to the 1740s

Preachers challenged the “cold” message of the established churches and stirred congregations with powerful, emotive sermons

Encouraged a sense of social equality and the questioning of authority

Resulted in growth of new Protestant denominations: Baptist, Methodist

Answer 12

Great Awakening

Question 13

British traders pressured Parliment to pass this Act in 1733 which put high duties on this import

Americans evaded British officials and smuggled French produts into the colonies

Answer 13

Molasses Act

Question 14

Leaders of resistance to British rule listed their grievances against the British and circulated them to all the towns in the colony

First existed in Massachusetts and eventually in all the colonies

Answer 14

Committess of Correspondence

Question 15

In 1704, the Iroquois joined with the French to attack this town in Massachusetts, killing 48 settlers and taking 112 into captivity

Answer 15

Deerfield Raid

Question 16

Established by England to oversee colonial affairs in 1675

Questioned Massachusetts about compliance with Navigation Acts

Massachusetts response was that no representation meant Navigation Acts did not apply

Answer 16

Lords of Trade

Question 17

Governor James Logan of Pennsylvannia hired teams of runners to capture large amounts of land

Destroyed good relationships put in place by William Penn’s Chain of Friendship

Answer 17

Walking Purchase of 1737

Question 18

Colonial empires 3rd busiest port

Financial, commercial, cultural center of British America

Exported flour bread, and meat to West Indies and Europe

Artisans and craftsmen flourished

Answer 18

Philadelphia

Question 19

Promised protection to local Indians from the Iroquois in Pennsylvannia

Answer 19

Chain of Friendship

Question 20

Approved by Pennsylvannia Assembly in 1682

Offered religious freedom; no established church in Pennsylvannia

Answer 20

Charter of Liberty

Question 21

Upper class of merchants with ties to British trading firms in New England and Middle Colonies

Farmers with large land holdings and crops like tobacco and rice

Rulers of proprietary colonies like Pennsylvannia and Maryland

Wealth began to pass from generation to generation

Answer 21

Colonial Elite

Question 22

Colonial elites became more and more English

Modeled lives on British etiquette

Imported British fashion and literature

Answer 22

Anglicanization

Question 23

Trading routes among Britain, Africa and the colonies

Britian sold manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies

Colonies sold commodities like tobacco, indigo, sugar, rice to Europe

Slaves sold from Africa to the New World

Answer 23

Triangular Trades

Question 24

Largest of the three slave systems – about 1/2 of the regional population

Reinforced by mercantilist economic policy

Shifted from Tidewater to the Piedmont

Laid foundation for the consolidation of regional elite power (landed gentry, merchants, lawyers). Elite wrote and passed laws restricting the rights of blacks.

Better climate led to reproduction, more balanced gender and familes

Answer 24

Chesapeake (Tobacco) Slavery

Question 25

Slave sytem centered in South Carolina and Georgia

Main crop became the foundation of the South Carolina economy and benefited from large economies of scale

Africans more resistant to regional disease like malaria

Very harsh conditions

Less contact with whites led to more independent, African-based culture – houses, names, spoke Gullah

Answer 25

Rice Kingdom Slavery

Question 26

Founded Georgia in 1733 as haven for the “worthy poor”

British supported as buffer to protect South Carolina from Florida

Answer 26

James Oglethorpe

Question 27

Founded in 1733 as a haven for the “worthy poor”

British supported as a buffer to protect South Carolina from Florida

Slaves and liquor banned, leading to conflict with the settlers

Proprietors surrendered colony to Britain in 1751, slaves and liquor became legal

Answer 27

Georgia

Question 28

Slave system characterized by farm hands, artisan shops, personal servants

Slaves were about 3% of the regional population

Slave marriages were recognized by law, slaves could bring suits in court

Answer 28

Slavery in the North

Question 29

Name for slaves born in the New World

By 1700s, outnumbered by slaves who were African by birth

Answer 29

Creoles

Question 30

Conflict between England and Spain that helped led to the slave rebellions

Answer 30

War of Jenkins Ear

Question 31

Idea of government without a king

Active participation in public life by economically independent citizens

Associated with “country party” because support came from landed gentry

Influenced by ideas in Trenchard and Gordon’s Cato’s Letters

Answer 31

Republicanism

Question 32

Idea of government that emphasized individual and private rights

Influenced by John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government, which was written in 1680

Government formed by mutual agreement among equals

“Social Contract” in which men surrendered some of their rights in exchange for rule of law

Retained natural rights – life, liberty, and property

Answer 32

Liberalism

Question 33

Wrote Two Treatises on Government in 1680, which influenced colonies in 1700s

Idea of:

individual rights

consent of the governed

right of rebellion against unjust or oppressive government

Answer 33

John Locke

Question 34

Founded by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1727

Later became know as the American Philosophical Society

Reflected expansion of “public sphere” in which politics were debated by citizens

Answer 34

Junto Club

Question 35

Technology that accelerated they number of adults who could read and write; reached 3/4 of population of adult white males

Led to growth of bookstores

Answer 35

Printing Press

Question 36

Viewed as extremely dangerous in both Britain and America

Law until 1695 prohibited printed material until license had been granted

Government tried to manage through direct payment to publishers and journalists

Answer 36

Freedom of the Press

Question 37

German born printer who emigrated to New York

Published the Weekly Journal which critized the governor for corruption

Council ordered four issues burned and the printer arrested

Lawyer urged the jury to judge the governor and not the printer

Found not guilty and helped establish support for freedom of the press

Answer 37

Trial of Zenger

Question 38

Belief that suggested God withdrew after creating the world, letting it run by scientific laws

Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson held these beliefs

Answer 38

Deism

Question 39

Minister during the Great Awakening

Famous sermon called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Answer 39

Jonathan Edwards

Question 40

Obtained Louisiana from French in 1763

Few urban areas: St. Augustine, San Antonio, Santa Fe, Albuquerque

Established presidios in Los Adaes, La Bahia, San Antonio

Answer 40

Spain (Imperial Rival)

Question 41

Held land in Mississippi Valley from Great Lakes to Mobile

Growth in St. Lawrence Valley and New Orleans

Challenged Britain due to large land holdings and good relations with Indians

Answer 41

French Empire (Imperial Rival)