Emergence of America as a World Power Flashcards
Progressive and “leftist intellectual” writer
Rediculed other Progressives who believed that they could mold the war according to their own “liberal purposes”
He predicted the conflict would empower the “least democratic forces in American life”
Randolph Bourne
Process to of the United States becoming a more homogeneous national culture
“Americanization”
Term used by Allied propaganda to depict the German soldier
Germans were portrayed as bloodthirsty beasts
World War I was the first war where propaganda was used on a widespread scale
“Hun”
Group of U.S. senators opposed to American presence in Europe in any form
Influential in preventing the passage of the Versailles Treaty in the Senate
“Irreconcilables”
Wilson’s policy in Europe in January 1917
Outline of vision including freedom of the seas, restrictions on armaments
“Peace Without Victory”
Theme of Republican William Hardings campaign for the Election of 1920
“return to normalcy”
African-Americans…
…barred from joining unions, skilled employment
…barred from employment in new retail stores
…not included in idea of the melting pot
…had access to segregated settlement houses
…exluded from WWI’s woman’s hours
African-American Exclusion from Progressive Freedom
Britain, France, Russia, Japan
Allied Powers
Name for American army sent to Europe to aid Britain and France after United States entered World War I
General John Pershing commanded the army
American Expeditionary Force
United States foreign policy in 1914 at the start of World War I
American Neutrality
Helped identify radicals and critics of the war
Carried out “slacker raids” – men had to show to show draft cards
Cooperated with the government to crush the IWW – lynched IWW leader Frank Little
American Protective League
Founded in 1893 and increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society
Supported politcians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in western and southern states to ban alcohol
Anti-Saloon League
Assasination by Serbian national started chain of events that quickly led to broad war
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
More disciplined labor force
Promote more orderly city environment
Undermine urban political machines
Protect wives and children from domestic violence
Arguments for Prohibition
Supreme Court ruling that overturned Southern “peonage” laws because it violated the Thirteenth Admendment.
Peonage = the use of labors bound in servitude because of debt
Breaking a labor contract was a crime punishable by hard labor. The very act of quitting was considered evidence of intent to defraud the employer.
Bailey v. Alabama (1911)
American troops stopped Germans from crossing the Marne and advancing into Paris
One of the first major battles of World War I involving American troops
Battle of Chateau-Tierry
World War 1 battle in which U.S. Marines stoped a German offensive between June 6 - July 1, 1918
Dan Daly, two-time Congressional Medal of Honor winner said: “Come on, you sons of bitches, do you want to live forever?”
Belleau Wood
Epic movie released by director D.W. Griffith in 1915
Portrayed Reconstruction as a time when Southern blacks threatened basic American values, whicht he Ku Klux Klan protected
Was lauded by many including Woodrow Wilson
Birth of a Nation
Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of sterlization laws
Buck v. Bell (1927)
10 mile strip of land around Panama Canal
United States had sovereignty over this areas from Bunau-Virilla treaty until 2000
Canal Zone
Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Central Powers
Created by Woodrow Wilson during World War I to mobilize public opinion for the war
Most intensive use of propaganda to that time by the United States – explained the governments actions in entering the war
Image of “Uncle Sam” was created for this propaganda campaign
Headed by George Creel
Trained and dispatched 75,000 “Four Minute Men”
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Merchant ships traveling together and protected by American warships, which guarded them from German U-boats
Used to protect ships carrying materials to Great Britain and France in World War I
Convoy System
“Come on, you sons of bitches, do you want to live forever?”
Dan Daly during the Battle of Belleau Wood
Foreign policy that increased American investment in the world as a method of exerting American influence; favored President William Howard Taft
In some parts of the world, such as Latin America, the increased American influence was resented
“Dollar Diplomacy”
Banned intoxicating liquor
Passed by Congress in December 1917
Ratified by the states in 1919
Went into effect in 1920
Eighteenth Amendment
World War I era law passed in 1917 made it illegal to obstruct the draft process in any way
Mandatory prison sentences were imposed on those who interfered with the draft
Any material sent through the mail that was said to incite treason could be seized
Espionage Act of 1917
Convicted in 1918 under the Espionage Act
Gave speech tracing dissent from Thomas Paine
Wilson did not commute his sentence
Eugene Debs
Woodrow Wilson’s view of post-World War I world he hoped the other Allied Powers would endorse. Issued in January 1918
Included:
national self-determination
freedom of the seas
free trade
arms reduction
open diplomacy (elimination of secret treaties)
creation of a League of Nations
Fourteen Points
Rationed coal and oil
Fuel Agency
Negotiated by Roosevelt to end the migration of Japanese to United States except for wives and children
Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907
“…conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses”
Edward Bernays on the Goal of the CPI
Large numbers of southern blacks moved to midwestern and eastern industrial cities beginning with World War I and continuing into the 1920s
Workers were needed there orginially because of the war and later because of immigration restrictions
Many blacks gladly left the racist South
War had opened opportunities due to fewer immigrants
Migration sustained by: higher wages, education opportunites for children, escape from threat of lynching, right to vote
Great Migration
United 365,000 migrant workers in Chicago
Demanded union representation, higher wages, eight-hour day; wokers flooded into Amalgamated Association
Industry magnates launched concerted counterattack and associated workers with communism, IWW
Great Steel Strike
Senator who argued that the League of Nations threatened America’s freedom of action
Henry Cabot Lodge
Ideology of Nationalism
First woman in Congress
Suffrage advocate
Opposed entry into World War I
Jeannette Rankin
John Dewey, intellectual
Walter Lippmann, journalist
Herbert Croly, journalist
Samuel Gompers, AFL head
Upton Sinclair, socialist writer
Florence Kelley, reformer
Progressives
International body of nations that was proposed by Woodrow Wilson and was adopted at the Versailles Peace Treaty ending World War I
was never an effective body in reducing international tensions, in part because the United States never joined
League of Nations
Gave President Wilson power to regulate the production and consumption of food and fuels during wartime
Wilson instituted voluntary control of prices against some arguments for administration control of prices and rationing
Passed Congress in August 1917
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
Sold to United States civilians during World War I
Holder who paid $10 could get back $13 if the held until maturity
Important in financing the war effort
Celebrities helped sell them
Liberty Bonds
Popular foods were given different names in reaction to German antithapy
Hamburger
Sauerkraut
Liberty Sandwich
Liberty Cabbage
British liner sunk off the coast of Ireland by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915
128 Americans dead among almost 1,200
Sinking caused outrage in the United States and drew the U.S. closer to war with Germany
Lusitania
Led black organization that argued that blacks should disassociate themselves from the “evils” of white society
Organized a “back to Africa” movement and incouraged independent black businesses
Marcus Garvey
Allied offensive in September to November 1918
American forces played a decisive role
Convinced German general staff that victory was impossible
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Organization that launched the struggle to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment
Created by Du Bois
Tag line in 1970s was: “A mind is a terrible thing to waste”
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Founded in 1914 and preached patriotism and preparation for war
In 1915, successfully lobbied government officials to set up camps to prepare men for military life and combat
In 1917, it lobbied against immigration
National Security League
Barred states from using sex as qualification to vote
Ratified in 1920
Nineteenth Amendment
Open Door
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Socialist Party – socialist vote averaged 20% in mayoral elections in 1917
Opposition to Entering World War I
Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security
Organized by Attorney General and carried out by J. Edgar Hoover
Arrested 5,500 people
Palmer Raids
Crucial for American economic growth and was constructed by American builders between 1904 and 1914
United States engineered a revolt against Columbia to guarantee a friendly government that would support this project
Reduced passage from East to West by 8,000 miles
Panama Canal
Led attack on Columbus, New Mexico
Wilson responded by sending 10,000 troops
Pancho Villa
Led uprising in Panama
Roosevelt helped by preventing Columbia from supressing
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
Wilson’s foreign policy at the end of 1915
Initially seemed to have worked keeping the United States out of World War I
Policy of “Preparedness”
American response to Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa’s raid against Columbus, New Mexico, on March 9, 1916.
15,000-man strong force that was sent into Mexico under General John J. Persing
Villa escaped but his army was dispersed
Punitive Expedition
Vigorous repression of radicals, “political subversives” and “undesireable” immigrant groups took place in the years immediately following World War I
Nearly 6,500 “radicals” were arrested and sent to jail, while nearly 500 immigrants were deported
Red Scare
Group in the US Senate led by Henry Cabot Lodge that was opposed to sections of the Versailles Treaty
Concerned that if the United States joined the League of Nations, American troops could be deployed without congressional approval
Reservationists
Policy that extended the Monroe Doctrine
Claimed right to exercise “international policy power”
Warned European nations against intervening in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and stated that the United States had the right to take action against a “wrongdoing” nation in Latin America
Roosevelt Corollary
Awarded based on negotiated settlement of Russo-Japanese War of 1905
Roosevelt Nobel Peace Prize
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Roosevelt’s Favorite Proverb
Stated it was illegal to criticize the government, the Constitution, the U.S. Army, or the U.S. Navy
Passed in 1918
Prohibited statements that cast “contempt, scorn, or disrepute” on the “form of government”
Socialist leader Eugene Debs received a 3-year sentence for criticizing militarism, and hundreds of others went to prison
Sedition Act of 1918
Required 24 million men to register for the draft
Resulted in Army expanding from 120,000 to 5 million men
Selective Service Act of 1917
German response and committment to stop U-boat attacks on passenger ships
Came after Wilson’s demand following U-boat attack on French passenger liner in March 1916 that injured 6 Americans
Sussex Pledge
Written by W.E.B. Du Bois calling for blacks to press for rights
The Souls of Black Folk
Established the League of Nations
Applied self-determination to Eastern Europe
Created new nations: Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Yogoslavia
Harsh treatment of Germany – limits to armed forces, significant reparations
Treaty of Versailles
Large group of caucausions attacked blacks; more than 300 died in the violence
Tulsa Race Riots
Dominated economies of Honduras and Costa Rica
Investment encouraged by U.S. government
United Fruit Company
Black organization of the early 1920s founded by Marcus Garvey, who argued that blacks should diassociate themselves from the “evils” of white society
Organized a “back to Africa” movement and encouraged independent black businesses
Untied Negro Improvement Association
German policy that U-boats would attack all ships attempting to land at British or French ports
Woodrow Wilson said that this volated the neutral rights of the United States, and America was forced to declare war
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Result of Lenin’s revolution and World War I
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
Location of battle in Mexico between American troops who arrived to prevent Huerta from obtaining weapons
Wilson sent troops there upon learning that a German ship was heading to port with weapons
100 Mexicans and 19 Americans died
Location of Cortes arrival in 16th century
Vera Cruz Incident
Mexican military leader who seized power in 1913
Assisinated Franscisco Madero
Victoriano Huerto
Wrote The Souls of Black Folk calling for blacks to press for equal rights
Gathered group of black leaders at Niagra Falls in 1905
Helped to create the NAACP
W.E.B. Du Bois
“…the traditional liberties of speech and opinion rest on no solid foundation”
Walter Lippman
Authorized in 1917, mobilized American industries for the war effort
Presided over all elements of war production
Headed by Bernard Baruch, Wall Street financier
Established standardized specifications for many things
American production increased 22%
War Industries Board
Established minimum wage, eight-hour day, right to form unions
Agencies were partners with businesses as much as regulators
War Labor Board
California law passed in 1913 that prohibited Japanese who were not American citizens from owning land in California
Illustrates the nativist sentiment found in much of American society in the first decades of the 20th century
Webb Alien Land Law
Woodrow Wilson’s Secretary of State
Strong anti-imperialist
Resigned after Wilson’s strongly worded response to the sinking of the Lusitania
William Jennings Bryan
“…as crusaders, not merely to win a war, but to win a cause…to lead the world on the way of liberty.”
Wilson at Versailles
“He kept us out of war”
Wilson’s Campaign Slogan
“The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must bet planted upon the tested foundation of political liberty.”
Woodrow Wilson’s Declaration of War
As president, helped pass the last major progressive legislation
Led the United States into World War I, and won international fame and a Nobel Peace Prize for his Fourteen Points
Lost his health trying to pass the Versailles Treaty at home in the United States
Woodrow Wilson
Would not recognize “government of butchers”
Woodrow Wilson, 1913
Reference to Huerto’s Assassination of Madero
“Go out and sell goods that will make the world more comfortable and happy, and convert them to the principles of America”
Woodrow Wilson, 1916
Experience battling this disease in Cuba allowed the Army to successfully deal with it while building the Panama Canal
Viral disease transmitted by mosquito
Yellow Fever
German foreign minister sent communication to Mexico suggesting that Mexican army should join forces with Germany against the United States and reclaim American southwest
British deciphered and turned it over the United States, causing anti-German feelings
Zimmerman Telegram
Incident that prompted President Roosevelt to dishonorably discharge 156 African Americans began in July 1906
Blacks had refused to cooperate with a local investigation of a shootout
Example of lingering discrimination in the United States
Brownsville Affair
US troops arrived in Russia as part of Allied expeditionary force in 1918 to prevent shipment of German arms. Hemmed in by Russians for more than a year until they departed.
Later, 10,000 U.S. troops arrived in Vladivostok in August 1918 to limit Japanese influence in Russia.
United States in Russia
Foreign policy or principles that included:
free flow of trade, investment, information and culture
inherent in Wilson’s statement that “since the manufacturer insists on having the world as a market, the flag of his nation must follow him and the doors of nations which are closed against him must be battered down.”
“Open Door” Policy
Belief that loyalty to one’s nation and its political and economic interests came before any other public loyalty
Increased in the period leading up to World War I
Encouraged support for military buildup that created tensions across Europe
Ideology of Nationalism
Organized by Du Bois to promote black rights
Created Declaration of Principles calling for:
…right to vote.
…end to racial segregation
…complete equality in economic and educational opportunity
Niagra Falls Conference of 1905
Developed idea of measuring intelligence that was used to justify discrimination against blacks and sterialization laws
Lewis Terman and IQ
