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AP History (Bob) > The 1950s > Flashcards

The 1950s Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth in Seatle, California and Rocky Mountains from aircraft, guided missiles, and radar systems

Growth of government bases in the South

Growth in New England of aircraft engines and submarines

A

Economic Benefits of Cold War

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2
Q

Factory labor fell slightly in 1950s

Clerical workers grew by 25%

Salaried workers in large corporations grew by 60%

White collar workers outnumbered blue collar in 1956

A

Growth of Services Economy

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3
Q

Efficient machinery

Chemical fertilizers and insecticides

Use of irrigation on open land

Development of new crop strains

A

Causes of Shift to Larger and Fewer Farms

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4
Q

First suburban neighborhood built after World War II

Built on 1,200 acres of potato field on Long Island

10,000 houses assembled quickly from pre-fabricated parts

Soon home to 40,000 people

Develoed by William and Alfred Levitt

A

Levittown

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5
Q

30m people moved west of the Mississippi between WWII and 1975

California population surpassed New York in 1963

Growth of “centerless” cities united by a web of highways: Houston, Phoenix, Los Angeles

A

Growth of the West

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6
Q

“The consumer is the key to our economy. Our ability to consume is endless. The luxuries of today are the necessities of tomorrow.”

A

Jack Staus

Chairman of Macy’s

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7
Q

During WWII: 100,000 units

1948: 1m units
1952: 15.3m units

Nearly 9 of 10 Americans owned one

Replaced newspaper as the most common source of information

Provided a common cultural experience

A

Television

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8
Q
  • The Goldbergs*
  • The Honeymooners*
  • Leave it to Beaver*
  • The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet*
A

Early TV Shows

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9
Q

Part of the “standard socialogical package”

80% of American familes owned one by 1960

14% of American familes owned two

Most were manufactured in the United States

Designed to be replaced every year or two

Enabled long distance commuting and vacationing

Led to growth of motels, roadside eating

A

Automobile

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10
Q

Opened in Illinois in 1954

Franchised by Ray Kroc

A

McDonalds

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11
Q

After WWII, most went back to low-salary jobs

By 1940, 36% grew to 60% in 1960

Earned only 60% of men

A

Women at Work

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12
Q

American population rose by 30m or 20%

Mostly driven by large number of births

Other factors included longer life expectancy and availability of miracle drugs like penicillin

Led to growth of suburbia and the “youth culture”

A

Baby Boom

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13
Q

“If we sell one house to a Negro family, then 90 or 95 percent of our white customes will not buy into the community.

A

Levitt

Refusal to allow blacks to rent or purchase

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14
Q

Supreme Court ruling that did not stop racial covenants – considered them private agreements

Declared that courts could not enforce them because the process of enforcement violated the Fourteenth Amendment

A

Shelley v. Kraemer

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15
Q

Authorized construction of 800,000 units of public housing

Provided a “decent home for every American family”

Set low ceiling on the income of residents

Confined to segregated neighborhoods in the city

A

Housing Act of 1949

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16
Q

Destroyed poor neighborhoods in cities

Developers built retail centers in place of the old neighborhoods

States built urban universities and stadiums

A

“Urban Renewal”

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17
Q

500,000 moved to New York in 1950-1970

Had been forced off of small farms by expanding sugar plantations

Most ended up in New York City’s East Harlem

West Side Story dramatized their conflicts with older residents of East Harlem

A

Puerto Ricans

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18
Q

Dramatized the conflict between Puerto Ricans and more established residents of East Harlem

A

West Side Story

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19
Q

“He’s probably a nice guy, but every time I see him, I see $2,000 drop off the value of my house.”

A

White Suburbanite

Quoted in Life Magazine and expressing preference for on-going racial exclusion

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20
Q

Tactic of real-estate brokers of circulating exaggerated warnings of influx of blacks

Persuaded white residents to quickly sell their houses

Converted all white neighborhoods to all black neighborhoods

Earned brokers very fast commissions

A

“blockbusting”

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21
Q

Idea that all Americans shared values of…

…individualism

…respect for private property

…belief in equal opportunity

Result was a relatively placid time compared to 1930s and 40s

A

End of Ideology

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22
Q

Idea that Catholics, Protestants and Jews shared the same history and values

Freedom of religion differentiated America from communism

Reflected decline of anti-Semitism and anti-Catholicism

A

“Judeo-Christian” Heritage

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23
Q

Evangelist who used radio, TV to spread Christianity

Became an advisor to many presidents

A

Billy Graham

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24
Q

Book that promoted the idea that religion had…

… less to do with spiritual activities

…more to do with personal identity, group assimilation, promotion of traditional morality

Written by Will Herberg in 1955

A

Protestant-Catholic-Jew

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25
Q

System resting on private ownership that united the free world

Truman replaced Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear

Advertising Council used images like Statue of Liberty and Liberty Bell to promote

A

Free Enterprise

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26
Q

Group of thinkers who..

…opposed strong national government

…believed in individual autonomy

…believed in unregulated capitalism

…belived in limited government

A

Libertarian Conservatives

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27
Q

Identified the free market as the foundation of individual liberty

Called for turning over government functions to private sector,

Repeal of minimum wage laws, graduated income tax and Social Security

Wrote Capitalism and Freedom in 1962

A

Milton Friedman

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28
Q

Argued that free markets were the foundation for individual liberty

Writen by Milton Friedman in 1962

A

Capitalism and Freedom

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29
Q

Argued that government should regulate personal behavior

Belived that toleration of differences was no substitute for the search for absolute truth

Wanted to create the “good man”

Wrote Ideas Have Consequences

A

Richard Weaver

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30
Q

Emerged as the leader after World War II with the greatest political appeal

Had a fatherly persona

Decided to become a Republican in order to blunt Robert Taft’s ambitions and likely promotion of isolationism

A

Dwight D. Eisenhower

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31
Q

Vigorous anti-communist who pursued Alger Hiss while a member of the HUAC

Won election to the Senate in 1950

Developed a reputation for dishonesty and opportunism

Transformed the Republican Party to be the champion of the “forgotten man” who paid heavy taxes

A

Richard Nixon

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32
Q

Nixon’s televised broadcast on September 23, 1952

Defense against charges of secret payments by the rich

Acknowledged that he got a dog from friends and that would not return the dog

Revived Nixon’s political career

Highlighted the importance of TV to political campaigning

A

Checkers Speech

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33
Q

Eisenhower’s campaign slogan for the Election of 1952

A

“I Like Ike”

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34
Q

Eisenhower won 55.1% of the popular vote and 442 electoral votes

Stevenson won 44.4% of the popular vote and 89 electoral votes

Republicans won a thin margin in Congress

A

Election of 1952

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35
Q

Democrats regained control of Congress

A

Election of 1954

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36
Q

Eisenhower beat Stevensen

Democrats held Congress

Eisenhower became the first president elected when his party controlled neither houses of Congress

A

Election of 1956

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37
Q

“What is good for the country is good for General Motors, and vice versa”

A

Charles Wilson

Secretary of Defense

Speaking in support of big business

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38
Q

“Should any political party attempt to abolish Social Security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm program, you would not hear from that party again in our political history”

A

Eisenhower

Speaking about the Republican idea to roll back the New Deal

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39
Q

Eisenhower’s domestic agenda

Sever public opinion association with prior Republicans especially…

…Herbert Hoover, Great Depression, general indifference

Continued or increased several New Deal programs

A

Modern Republicanism

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40
Q

Largest public works enterprise in American history

Built 41,000 miles of roads

Encourage the American reliance on the automobile

Supported in part by the idea that it would allow for rapid exit of cities in the event of a nuclear war as well as the facilitation of troop movements

A

Interstate Highway Act of 1956

41
Q

Formed single organization representing 35% of workers

A

AFL-CIO Merger

42
Q

Elements included…

…long term contracts with labor

…decisions on capital investment, plant location, output in management hands

…prevent unauthorized “wildcat strikes”

…employers stopped effort to eliminate existing unions

A

New “Social Contract” between

Labor and Management

43
Q

Unauthorized strike

New Social Contract between labor and management limited the prevalence of these

A

Wildcat Strikes

44
Q

Atomic weapon much more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

U.S. tested in 1952

Soviets tested in 1953

A

Hydrogen Bomb

45
Q

“Every gun that is made, every warship launched…signifies a theft from those who hunger and are not fed.”

A

Eisenhower

Speaking against War

46
Q

Doctrine announced by John Foster Dulles, Secretary of Defense, in 1954

Any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself

Update to the policy of containment

Led to nuclear proliferation

A

Massive Retaliation

47
Q

Eisenhower’s Secretary of Defense

Announced the doctrine of Massive Retaliation

A

John Foster Dulles

48
Q

Nuclear warheads rose from 1,000 in 1953 to 18,000 in 1960

Brought about in part by the doctrine of Massive Retaliation

A

Nuclear Proliferation

49
Q

Strategy of getting very close to war in order to press an advantage or make a point

A

Brinksmanship

50
Q

Idea that all out war would lead to so much devestation that both the U.S. and the Soviets became very cautious

Inspired widespread fear in the populations

A

Mutual Assured Destruction

51
Q

First since Potsdam in 1945

Led to Khrushchev detailing in a speech to the Communist Party the details of some of the crimes that Stalin had committed

Called for “peaceful coexistance” with the United States

A

Summit of 1955

Eisenhower and Khrushchev

52
Q

Anticommunist uprising that had been urged by United States Republicans

Dulles had declared “liberation” as the goal of U.S. policy

Eisenhower refused to extend aid, believing it impossible to roll-back Soviet domination

A

Hungary Uprising

53
Q

Demanded halt to nuclear weapon testing

Rationale was public health frisk from radioactive fallout

U.S. and Soviets agreed to stop nuclear testing from 1958 but it restarted in 1961

A

National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy

54
Q

U.S. reconnaissnce over Soviet Union at 80,000 feet, belived to be well above Soviet anti-aircraft

Plane shot down – the pilot was not able to set the automatic self-destruct

Eisenhower initially denied the plane was doing espinage

Soviet Union produced the pilot

Increased Cold War tensions and caused the cancellation of another summit meeting

A

U-2 Incident

55
Q

Developing countries not aligned with the two Cold War powers

Most desired to find their own model of development between the extremes of Soviet centralized planning and free market capitalism

A

Third World

56
Q

U-2 pilot

Shot down over Soviet Union in 1956

A

Gary Powers

57
Q

Meeting of leaders of 29 Asian and African nations

Appeared to be emergence of a new force in global affairs but none of the countries could avoid being affected by the Cold War

A

Bandung Conference of 1955

58
Q

Process that began when…

India and Pakistan acheived independence

Many nations followed: Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania

A

Decolonization

59
Q

Third World nation whose land reform policies threatened the commercial interests of the United Fruit Company

A

Guatemala

60
Q

British owned oil company that made enormous profits in Iran

Mossadegh, the Iranian Prime Minister, nationalized it

A

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

61
Q

Affected both…

…Jacobo Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala

…Mohammed Mossadegh of Iran

A

CIA Ouster

62
Q

After Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, Israel, France and Britain invaded Egypt

Nassar turned to the Soviets for arms

Eisenhower forced Israel, France and Britain to stop the invasion

A

Suez Canal Crisis

63
Q

Pledged US defense of Middle Eastern governments

Established to prevent communism from gaining ground

First used to help King Hussein of Jordan defeat rebels

A

Eisenhower Doctrine

64
Q

Eisenhower funneled billions of dollars to help French in Vietnam

A

Nation Building

65
Q

Vietnamese forces defeated French in 1954

French decided to leave Vietnam and all of Indochina

Led to the Geneva Peace Accords

A

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

66
Q

Conference in 1954

Divided Vietnam into north and south along 17th parallel

U.S. not a party to the conference; installed anti-communist government in the south

Set schedule for elections in 1956

A

Geneva Peace Accords

67
Q

New leader of Iran after the U.S. ousted Mohammed Mossadegh

Agreed to give British and American oil companies 40% of the nations oil revenue

A

Shah of Iran

68
Q

Critisized the corporate accumulation of power in the 1950s claiming it was dangerous to individual freedoms

A

Hans Morgenthau

69
Q

Challenged the vision of democratic pluralism

Pointed out the “power elite” – interlocking directorate of corporate leaders, politicians – made political democracy obsolete

A

C. Wright Mills

70
Q

Book arguing that Americans lacked the inner resources to lead independent lives

“Organization men” are not capable of independent thought

Written by David Riesman

A

The Lonely Crowd

71
Q

Described the American economy and society as being enraptured with appliances and homes

A

The Affluent Society

by John Kenneth Galbraith

72
Q

Books critical of the monotony of modern work, emptiness of suburban life, and the persuasive influence of advertising

A

The Organization Man

and

The Hidden Persuaders

73
Q

Books and movies that captured the alienation of youth in the 1950s

A
  • The Catcher in the Rye* by Salinger
  • Blackboard Jungle*
  • Rebel Without a Cause*
74
Q

Emerged in 1950 from black rhythm and blues

Popular in the south

Revealed the growing economic power of teenagers

Became a form of rebellion

A

Rock and Roll

75
Q

First published in 1953 and soon reached 1m copies per month

Highlighted, reinforced the sexual liberation

A

Playboy magazine

76
Q

Small group of poets who critisized the conformity of American society

Included Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg

Celebrated impulsive action, immediate pleasure, sexual experimentation

A

Beat Generation

77
Q

Wrote the beat generation classic On The Road about a spontaneous roadtrip

A

Jack Kerouac

78
Q

“I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked”

A

Allen Ginsberg in Howl

79
Q

Included..

…destabilization of the racial system during WWII

…mass migration out of the segregated south

…black voters who became important to the Democratic coalition

…gap between American rhetoric and reality was an embarrasment

A

Causes of the Freedom Movement

80
Q

Formed by a group of Mexican-Americans in 1929

Won Mendez v. Westminster in California, repealing all laws requiring segregation

A

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

81
Q

Led NAACP challenges against Plessy

A

Thurgood Marshall

82
Q

Ruling by the Supreme Court that the University of Texas Law School did not meet the “seperate but equal” standard

marked the begining of the end of segregation

A

Sweatt v. Painter

83
Q

Attacked unequal funding in schools

Local school board had spent $179 on white children and $43 on black children

One of five cases that got combined for the Supreme Court

A

Claredon Case

84
Q

Marshall argued segregation was inherently unequal

Drew on work of New York psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark showing segregation did lifelong damage

Earl Warren managed to create unanimous opinion

Segregation violated equal protection clause

A

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

85
Q

“In the field of education, the doctrine of ‘seperate but equal’ had no place. Seperate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

A

Earl Warren

in Brown v. Board of Education

86
Q

Refused to give up her seat on a bus on Dec 1, 1955

Was arrested

A

Rosa Parks

87
Q

For 381 days, black maids, janitors, teachers refused to take the bus.

Supreme Court ruled in November 1956 that bus segregation was illegal

A

Montgomery Boycott

88
Q

Pastor of Baptist church in Montgomery

Emerged as leader of the freedom movement

A

Martin Luther King

89
Q

“one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free”

A

King

in opening of “I Have a Dream” speech

90
Q

“Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”

A

King

closing of the “I Have a Dream” speech

91
Q

Coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists

Pressed for desegregation

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

92
Q

Denounced the Brown decision as a “clear abuse of judicial power”

Signed by 8 of 106 southern congressmen

Signed by all but three southern Senators

A

Southern Manifesto

93
Q

Eisenhower action to integrate Little Rock Central High School

Resulted in the 101st Airborne escorting nine black children into the school

Opposed Arkansas Governor Orbal Faubus effort to use Arkansas National Guard to block integration

A

Executive Order 10730

94
Q

Democratic nominee was John F. Kennedy

Kennedy won 49.7% and 303 electoral votes

Nixon won 49.6% and 219 electoral votes

A

Election of 1960

95
Q

Soviet sattelite launched on October 4, 1957

Shocked the United States and eroded confidence

Prompted federal support for the sciences

A

Sputnik

96
Q

“I do not speak for my church on public matters, and the church does not speak for me.”

A

Kennedy

Defending his Catholic faith

97
Q

New type of missile that was able to cross the ocean

A

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

98
Q

Included warnings against…

…the drumbeat of calls for a new military buildup

…the danger of the military-industrial complex

A

Eisenhower’s Farewell Address

99
Q

Arose during Republican administration and put the US at a disadvantage in delivering nuclear warheads

A

Missle Gap

AP History (Bob) (28 decks)

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