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AP History (Bob) > Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century > Flashcards

Politics and Economics at the End of the Twentieth Century Flashcards

1
Q

Nixon policy that offered federal “block grants” to states to spend as they saw fit.

A

New Federalism

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2
Q

New federal agency during Nixon administration that…

…oversees programs to combat water and air pollution

…cleans up hazardous waste

…requires “environmental impact” statements from projects

A

Environmental Protection Agency

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3
Q

New federal agency under the Nixon administration that…

…sends inspectors to U.S. workplaces

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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4
Q

New federal agency under the Nixon administration that…

…instructs automobile makers on how to make cars safer

A

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

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5
Q

New federal agency under the Nixon administration that…

…prohibits spending federal funds on projects that might hurt an endangered species

A

Endangered Species Act

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6
Q

Federal law that set air quality standards for carbon monoxide

A

Clean Air Act

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7
Q

Nixon proposal for a “negative income tax”

Replace the Aid to Families with Dependent Children – a New Deal program that provided limited assistance

Federal government would guarantee a minimum income for a family

Failed to win passage in Congress – too radical for conservatives and not enough for liberals

A

Family Assistance Plan

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8
Q

Nixon plan to pursue “affirmative action” by requiring construction contractors to hire minority workers

Nixon saw the Plan as a way to fight inflation

Nixon abandoned in May 1970

A

Philadelphia Plan

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9
Q

Nixon appointee for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, replacing Earl Warren

A

Warren Burger

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10
Q

Supreme Court case…

…unanimous affirmation of transportation for school integration

…judges then ordered busing as a tool to achieve integration

…busing then became a focal point for protests

A

Swann v. Charlotte-Meckleburg Board of Education

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11
Q

Supreme Court rulling that the constitution did not require equal school funding – education was not a fundamental constitutional right

Each school district in Texas relied on some state funding and some property taxes for funding so poor districts had less funding than rich districts

A

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

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12
Q

Supreme Court rulling that absolved suburban school districts responsibility for integrating urban schools

A

Milliken v. Bradley

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13
Q

Supreme Court ruling that found that even racially neutral job requirements like a written exam were illegal if they excluded disproportionate number of non-white applicants

A

Griggs v. Duke Power Company

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14
Q

View that minorities were granted special advantages over whites.

Claimed to be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause

A

“reverse discrimination”

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15
Q

Supreme Court ruling that…

…upheld program that set quotas for training, hiring non-whites

…allowed because private program did not violate Fourteenth Amendment

A

United Steel Workers of America v. Weber

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16
Q

Supreme Court ruling that…

…overturned admissions program at U.C. Davis which had set aside 16 of 100 places in the medical school class

…Justice Powell had rejected the idea of a fixed quota

…race could still be used as aone factor among many in admissions

A

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

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17
Q

Congress banned gender discrimination in higher education

Led to much higher number of women participating in sports

A

Title IX

of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

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18
Q

Law that required married women to be given access to credit in their name

A

Equal Opportunity Act

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19
Q

Term coined by Tom Wolfe to define the idea that the “freedom to choose” for oneself was the highest ideal

A

“Me Decade”

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20
Q

Nixon’s National Security Advisor and Secretary of State

A

Henry Kissenger

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21
Q

General who came to power in Chile after the CIA had destabilized the regime of Salvador Allande

He ultimately tortured and murdered 1000s of Allande supporters

Nixon continued to support

A

General Augusto Pinochet

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22
Q

Suprise visit based on assessment that this country was different than the Soviet Union and that it was destined to play a major role on the world stage

A

Nixon to China in 1972

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23
Q

Treat between the U.S. and Soviet Union that froze each countries arsenal of ballistic missiles

A

SALT

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24
Q

Banned development of systems to intercept incoming missiles under theory that without the system, neither country would be tempted to attack the other

A

Anti-Ballastic Missile Treaty

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25
Q

Term used to describe peaceful coexistence and cooperation between the United States and Soviet Union

A

detente

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26
Q

Nixon’s claim during the Election that would allow him to end the Vietnam War

A

“secret plan”

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27
Q

Nixon ordered troops to enter this country

The effort did not help the Vietnam War but rather destabilized the country and set in motion events that led to the Khmer Rouge

A

Cambodia

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28
Q

Four univesity students and antiwar protesters were killed by the Ohio National Guard

A

Kent State

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29
Q

Company of American troops killed 350 Vietnamese civilians

Lieutenant Calley found guilty

A

My Lai Massacre

30
Q

Classified report tracing history of Vietnam War

Showed how presidents had mislead the American people

Supreme Court rejected Nixon’s request for an injuction to prevent the New York Times from publishing

A

Pentagon Papers

31
Q

Congress asserted control over foreign policy by requiring the president to seek congressional approval for committment of American troops overseas

A

War Powers Act of 1973

32
Q

Compromise that…

…left the government of South Vietnam in place

…left North Vietnamese and Viet Cong in control of some parts of the South

…had Americans cease bombing and allowed the American draft to end

A

Paris Peace Agreement of 1973

33
Q

Nixon created in order to keep track of reporters, politicians and celebrities whom he distrusted

A

“enemies list”

34
Q

Nixon’s special investigative team that gathered information, often through unlawful means

A

“plumbers”

35
Q

Found out that it was someone close to the president who had ordered the break in to the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate apartments

A

Washington Post Reporters

Woodward and Bernstein

36
Q

Investigated the history of abuse by American presidents and found…

…FBI had spied on American citizens

…CIA had conducted secret operations to overthrow governments

Undermined public confidence in government

A

Church Committee

37
Q

Congress strengthened this law to allow scholars, journalists to gain access to federal records

A

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

38
Q

In 1971, for the first time the United States imported more goods than exported

Three-quarters of American goods were competing with foreign goods

Manufacturing workforce was down to 28%

A

merchandise trade deficit

39
Q

Nixon decision that allowed…

…world’s currencies to float in relation to each other

…value of currencies would be determined by the market

A

US off of the Gold Standard

40
Q

Result of…

…Brief war between Israel and Egypt and Syria in 1973

…Egypt decision to quadruple the price of oil

Led to…

…Congress lowering speed limit to 55

…reduction of heating and lighting in public buildings

…production of oil in Alaska and coal in Wyoming

A

Oil Shock

41
Q

Combination of stagnant economic growth (2.4%) and high inflation (10%)

A

stagflation

42
Q

Succeeded Nixon after his resignation

Had been named Vice President to replace Spiro Agnew

A

President Ford

43
Q

One of President Ford’s first acts

Controversial but allowed country to move forward

A

Ford pardoned Nixon

44
Q

Ford’s slogan to encourage people to reduce inflation

A

Whip Inflation Now

45
Q

Agreement between the United States and Soviet Union putting in place the post World War II boundaries

Inspired freedom movements in some countries in Eastern Europe

A

Helsinki Accords

46
Q

Carter narrowly defeated Ford

Campained as an outsider and promised “I’ll never lie to you”

A
47
Q

Accident at Pennsylvannia nuclear reactor that released radioactive steam into the atmosphere

Reinforced fears of environmental hazards

A

Three Mile Island

48
Q

Central to Carter’s foreign policy

Influenced by Amnesty International and International League for Human Rights

A

Human Rights

49
Q

Brought together the leaders of Israel and Egypt and helped negotiate a peace agreement

A

Camp David

50
Q

Agreement between the United States and Soviet Union to reduce the number of missiles, bombers and warheads

A

SALT II

51
Q

Overthrew the shah of Iran in 1979

Declared Iran to be an Islamic republic

Marked a shift from socialism and Arab nationalism to religious fundamentalism

Led to capture of 53 Amercans being held at the embassy

A

Khomeini and Iranian Hostage Crisis

52
Q

Foreign policy whereby…

…U.S. would use military force to protect interests in Persian Gulf

…Placed embargo on grain exports to Soviet Union

…Boycott of the 1980 Olympic games

…withdrew SALT II from consideration by the Senate

A

Carter Doctrine

53
Q

refers to the rise of religious fundamentalism that expanded conservatism’s base

A

Relgious Right

54
Q

Created the Moral Majority

Devoted to waging war against sin and electing “pro-life, pro-family, pro-America” candidates

A

Jerry Falwell

55
Q

Originally proposed in 1920s by Alice Paul

Revived by a second wave of feminists

Failed to achieve ratification by the requried 38 states

A

Equal Rights Amendment

56
Q

California ban on further increases in property taxes

Windfall for businesses and home owners

Anti-tax sentiment flourished

A

Proposition 13

57
Q

Denounced control of large land areas by the Bureau of Land Management in Washington DC

Insisted states have decision making authority over grazing rights, mining development, fishing and hunting

A

Sagebrush Rebellion

58
Q

Carter’s approval rating had fallen to 21%

Reagan’s campain themes included…

…end stagflation

…restore dominant role of America

…“Let’s make America great again”

A

Election of 1980

59
Q

Term used to describe economic freedom including…

…curtailing of union power

…dismantling regulations

…reducing taxes

A

Reaganomics

60
Q

Reduced top tax rate to 28%

A

Tax Reform Act of 1986

61
Q

Reagan’s approach to economic growth

Included…

…high interest rates to curb inflation

…lower tax rates to stimulate private investment

Government income would rise despite lower tax rates

A

“supply side economics”

62
Q

PATCO union struck in August 1981 in violation of federal law

Reagan fired and replaced with military personnel

A

Air Traffic Controllers

63
Q

Term for young urban professional

Earned a high income

Spent lavishly on designer clothing and other luxuries

A

Yuppie

64
Q

Deregulation of savings and loan associations led to the bankruptcy that ultimately cost taxpayers $250 billion

A

Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

and the savings and loan crisis

65
Q

Reagan defeated Mondale

A

Election of 1984

66
Q

Reagan’s term for the Soviet Union

A

“evil empire”

67
Q

Space-based system to intercept and destroy enemy missiles

Not feasible

Would violate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

A

Strategic Defense Inititative (SDI)

68
Q

Invasion of Grenada

Bombing of Libya

Marines to Lebanan (of whom 241 were killed by bomb)

A

Military Deployments under Reagan

69
Q

Scheme in which the CIA and NSC diverted funds from the sale of arms to the Middle East to rebels fighting the Sandinista government in Nicaragua

A

Iran-Contra Affair

70
Q

Reagan’s counterpart in the Soviet Union with whom he developed a good working relationship

A

Gorbachev

71
Q

Gorbachev’s reforms including openness and economic reforms

A

glastost (openness)

and

perestroika (economic reforms)

72
Q

Bush won 54% of the popular vote

Gary Hart withdrew with accusations of adultery

Democrats ridiculed vice-president

A

Election of 1988

AP History (Bob) (28 decks)

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