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Anatomy > The Skull > Flashcards

The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Name the five major holes in the sphenoid bone

A 
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
superior orbital fissure
optic foramen
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2
Q

what passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Vii (Maxillary branch)

.. it then goes through the pterygopalatine fossa.

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3
Q

what passes through the foramen ovale?

A

Viii (mandibular branch)

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4
Q

what passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

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5
Q

what passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

oculomotor nerve (III),
trochlear nerve (IV),
abducens (VI)
and lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V).

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6
Q

what passes through the optic foramen?

A

optic nerve (II)

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7
Q

what lies between the lesser sphenoid wing and the sphenoid body?

A

the optic foramen

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8
Q

what travels through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

stylomastoid artery and the facial nerve

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9
Q

what travels through the carotid canal? (2)

A

internal carotid artery

carotid plexus of nerves

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10
Q

What travels through the internal auditory meatus?

A 
facial nerve (VII)
vestibulochochlear nerve (VIII)
labyrinthine artery
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11
Q

what is nerve II? Where does it exit + bone?

A 
Optic nerve
Optic foramen (sphenoid bone)
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12
Q

What is nerve III? Where does it exit + bone?

A

oculomotor nerve
superior orbital fissure
located between the greater and lesser sphenoid wings

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13
Q

What is nerve IV? Where does it exit + bone?

A

trochlear nerve
superior orbital fissure
located between the greater and lesser sphenoid wings

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14
Q

what are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

V1 - opthalmic nerve
V2 - Maxillary nerve
V3 - Mandibular nerve

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15
Q

What does the opthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve exit?

A

superior orbital fissure

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16
Q

Where does the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve exit?

A

foramen rotundum

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17
Q

Where does the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve exit?

A

foramen ovale

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18
Q

What are the three branches of the opthalmic (V1) trigeminal nerve?

A

lacrimal nerve
frontal nerve
nasociliary nerve

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19
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

superior oblique eye muscle. It is a tiny thread-like nerve.

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20
Q

What is the VIII nerve?

A

vestibulochochlear nerve

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21
Q

What is the IX nerve?

A

glossopharyneal nerve

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22
Q

Where do nerves IX, X, XI all emerge from?

A

jugular foramen

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23
Q

What is the XII nerve? What does it innervate?

A

hypoglossal nerve.

Most of the tongue muscles (intrinsic and extrinsic)

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24
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch of?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal

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25
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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26
Q

What part of the brainstem does cranial nerve V orginate?

A

Pons

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27
Q

What does the abducens nerve innervate?

A

Lateral rectus muscle of the eye

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28
Q

What sensory input does the facial nerve have?

A

From the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste sensation).

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29
Q

What nerve is responsible for taste at the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

IX – glossopharyngeal nerve

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30
Q

What nerve has a secretory function for the parotid gland?

A

IX – glossopharyngeal nerve

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31
Q

IX is primarily a sensory nerve. Where do the afferent fibres arise from?

A
  • General sensation in the oropharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue, eustachian tube, middle ear.
  • taste buds of the pharynx and posterior 1/3 of tongue.
  • chemoreceptors in the carotid body, and baroreceptors in the carotid sinus.
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32
Q

Name the four structures that pass through the jugular foramen.

A 
Nerves
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - accessory
and the jugular vein
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33
Q

What are the three branches of the opthalamic nerve?

A

lacrimal
frontal
nasociliary

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34
Q

what innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve
(contains the parasympathetic secetomotor fibres)
NB. maxillary branch also leads into the posterior superior alveolar nerve

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35
Q

what nerve joins up with the lacrimal nerve?

A

zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve

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36
Q

what does the frontal nerve (branch of the opthalamic nerve) branch into ? (2)

A

supraorbital nerve

supratrochlear nerve

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37
Q

what do the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves supply?

A

the orbital cavity
frontal air sinus
skin of the forehead and scalp

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38
Q

what does the maxillary branch of cranial nerve V supply?

A

the skin of the face and the side of the nose

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39
Q

what are the branches of the maxillary nerve? (6)

A 
meningeal branch
zygomatic branch
ganglionic branch
posterior superior alveolar nerve
middle superior alveolar nerve
anterior superior alveolar nerve
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40
Q

what are the functions of the facial nerve?

A

facial expression
lacrimation
salivation
taste sensation (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), floor of the mouth, and the palate.

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41
Q

Does the facial nerve have a motor or sensory root?

A

both

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42
Q

two nerves enter the internal auditory meatus of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Which are they?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve and facial nerve

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43
Q

what two nerves activate the salivary glands?

A 
glossopharyngeal nerve  (IX)
facial nerve (VII)
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44
Q

what nerve supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Facial nerve

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45
Q

what nerve supplies taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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46
Q

what happens when the chorda tympani is cut?

A

permanently reduces secretion of not only the submandibular salivary gland, but also the parotid gland.

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47
Q

what innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

the digastric branch of the facial nerve

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48
Q

where is the geniculate ganglion and which cranial nerve does it belong to?

A

petrous part of temporal bone

facial nerve

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49
Q

Is the facial nerve motor or sensory?

A

both

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50
Q

what are the names of the five motor branches of the facial nerve (VII)

A 
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical (innervates neck muscles)
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51
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? (4)

A

styloglossus
palatoglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus

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52
Q

Which nerve emerges from the parotid gland?

A

facial nerve

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53
Q

Orbicularis Oculi consists of two parts – what are they?

A 
Palpebral part (loosely closed eyelid)
Orbital part (Strongly closed eyelid)
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54
Q

What are corticospinal tracts?

A

Descending from the cortical motor centres to the spinal cord

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55
Q

What are corticobulbar/ nuclear tracts?

A

Descending from the cortical motor centres to the brainstem motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (III-XII)

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56
Q

Name three venous plexus in the brain

A 
Cavernous sinus
Pterygoid venous plexus (important one)
Basilar plexus (sinus)
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57
Q

Aside from the muscles of facial expression, what other muscles does VII supply?

A

Posterior belly of the digastric muscle

Stylohyoid

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58
Q

Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

A

At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (C3-C4)

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59
Q

Cricoid cartilage - which level?

A

C6

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60
Q

Thyroid cartilage – which level

A

C4-C5

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61
Q

What structure does the internal carotid artery pass though?

A

Carotid canal in the temporal bone (no bifurcations in the neck)

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62
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
S: Skin
C: connective tissue
A: Aponeurosis
L: Loose Areolar tissue
P: Periosteum (pericranium)
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63
Q

What does the frontal nerve of V1 (trigeminal - ophthalmic branch) divide into? (2)

A

Supratrochlear nerve

Supraorbital nerve

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64
Q

What is the lacrimal nerve a branch from?

A

Ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

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65
Q

What structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A 
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (Vi)
maxillary division (Vii)
oculomotor nerve (III)
trochlear nerve (IV)
abducens nerve (VI) - free within substance of sinus
internal carotid artery
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66
Q

What are the primary functions of the vagus nerve?

A

supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs except the suprarenal (adrenal) glands, from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon.

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67
Q

what is ptosis?

A

a weak, droopy eyelid

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68
Q

what is miosis?

A

a constricted pupil

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69
Q

what is the name of the muscle(s) that raises the upper eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris (striated muscle)

superior tarsal muscle (smooth muscle)

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70
Q

what innervates the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

oculomotor nerve, and the sympathetic n.s., for the superior tarsal muscle.

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71
Q

what nerve passes UPWARDS through the foramen magnum?

A

spinal aspect of the accessory nerve
(it then leaves via the jugular foramen)
spinal cord
vertebral artery

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72
Q

characteristics of foetal skull (5)

A

no mastoid process
only a ring of bone around the outer margin of the middle ear cavity
mandible is unfused at the symphysis
fontanelles present
face is very small because teeth not erupted + air sinuses not developed

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73
Q

why is there only mild ptosis with Horner’s syndrome?

A

Because the sympathetics only supply the smooth muscle in the superior tarsal muscle that supplies the superior tarsal plate..

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74
Q

why does a lesion at cranial nerve III cause more severe ptosis?

A

Because it supplies the striated muscle in the levator palpabrae superioris.

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75
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

involuntary jerky movement of the eyes

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76
Q

which way does the superior oblique move the eye?

A

Down and Out

BUT - tested by looking INWARDS and DOWNWARDS. This negates the effect of the lateral rectus and the inferior rectus.

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77
Q

what is special about the cricothyroid muscle? (3)

A
  • only muscle that tightens the vocal cords.
  • only muscle that lies on the outside of the larynx.
  • has a different nerve supply to the rest of the intrinsic muscles (external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve).
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78
Q

what nerve supplies most intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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79
Q 
Somatic sensation (NOT taste) of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue belongs to which nerve?
(also floor of the mouth)
A

The Lingual nerve.

This is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

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80
Q

What does the Lingual nerve also carry? (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

A

the chorda tympani hitch hikes onto the this nerve and this is part of the facial nerve.
Thus, the lingual nerve carries both somatic and taste sensation.

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81
Q

what does the buccinator do, and what innervation?

A

compresses the cheeks during mastication.

not strictly a muscle of mastication, innervation is the facial nerve.

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82
Q

what three muscles arise from the styloid process?

A

styloglossus
stylohyoid
stylopharyngeus

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83
Q

what is the nerve supply to the muscles of the pharynx?

A

the cranial branch of XI accessory nerve that travels together with the vagus

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84
Q

what is the sensory nerve supply to the nasopharynx?

A

maxillary branch of cranial nerve V.

Similar to most of nose.

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85
Q

what is the sensory nerve supply to the oropharynx?

A 
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
Similar to back of tongue
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86
Q

what is the sensory nerve supply to the larnygeal part of the pharynx?

A

internal and recurrent branches of the vagus.

just like the larynx

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87
Q

what is the facial canal?

A

Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen

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88
Q

name three major branches of the external carotid artery

A 
superior thyroid (c4/ bifurcation level)
facial artery (anterior to masseter muscle)
lingual artery (travels behind superior aspect of larynx?)
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89
Q

name two terminal branches of the external carotid artery

A

maxillary
superficial termporal arteries
nb. these arteries divide off the external carotid artery inferior to zygomatic arch.

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90
Q

what artery arises from the same level as the superior thyroid artery but is posterior?

A

ascending pharyngeal artery

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91
Q

what artery arises from the same level as the facial artery but is posterior?

A

occipital artery

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92
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

What is the post important structure found there?

A

s.c.m. muscle
middle 1/3 of clavicle
trapezius
Accessory nerve

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93
Q

what is the anterior triangle of the neck subdivided into?

A

submandibular triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle

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94
Q

three types of intrinsic tongue muscles - what are they?

A

longitudinal
transverse
vertical fibres

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95
Q

All muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except for …… which is supplied by the ….

A 
palatoglossus muscle
Vagus nerve (motor accessory fibres from XI)
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96
Q

what is the structure that divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior?

A

sulcus terminalis

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97
Q

what nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx?

A

vagus nerve

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98
Q

what nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)?

A 
vagus nerve (via the cranial division of the vagus accessory nerve).
NB. Vagus supplies sensory innervation to the larynogeal aspect of the pharynx via the internal and recurrent branches of the vagus.
99
Q

what nerve supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the palate (except the tensor palati)?

A

vagus nerve

100
Q

what nerve supplies sensory information from the outer surface of the eardrum, the external acoustic meatusm (ear canal), and the back of the auricle?

A

vagus nerve

101
Q

which ONE muscle does the motor nerve of the the glossopharyngeal nerve supply?

A

stylopharyngeus

102
Q

what does the parasympathetic fibres of IX (glossopharyngeal) supply?

A 
parotid gland
(activates each of the large salivary glands)
103
Q

what does the carotid sinus detect?

A

arterial pressure changes (IX afferent innervation)

104
Q

what does the carotid body detect?

A

falling PO2 or rising PCO2 in the blood (IX afferent innervation)

105
Q

what is the name of the two arches in the mouth ?

A 
palatoglossal arch (anterior)
palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)
106
Q

what’s another name for the external occipital protuberance?

A

Inion

107
Q

what’s the name of the foramen in the zygomatic bone?

A

zygomatico-facial foramen

108
Q

what’s the name of the anterior process of the mandible?

A

coronoid process

109
Q

what’s the name of the suture at the back of the head?

A

lambda

110
Q

what’s the name of the suture that travels lateral-medial over the top of the head?

A

coronal

111
Q

puffing on the cornea of the eye would be testing what nerve?

A

trigeminal

112
Q

testing sensation on the tragus of the ear would be testing which nerve?

A

trigeminal

113
Q

which nerve conveys afferent fibres from the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the aortic arch?

A

Vagus

114
Q

Sensory afferent fibres for the oropharynx?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

just like the posterior of the tongue

115
Q

Sensory afferent fibres for the nasopharynx?

A

maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

just like the nose

116
Q

Sensory afferent fibres for the laryngeal part of the pharynx?

A

internal and recurrent branches of the vagus

just like the larynx

117
Q

Name three types of fascia in the neck?

A

prevertebral fascia
pretracheal fascia
deep cervical fascia
(NB. carotid sheath around the carotid vessels and vagus nerve)

118
Q

How does the vertebral artery enter the skull, and which artery does it arise from?

A

through the foramen magnum.

branch off the subclavian artery

119
Q

which nerve carries motor fibres to the pharynx and palate?

A

the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

120
Q

what are the branches of the vagus that innervate the larynx?

A

superior laryngeal nerve (uppermost)

  • sudivides into internal branch that supplies sensory innervation for the larynx
  • external branch supplies an important muscle

left and right recurrent nerves supplies most of laryngeal muscles.

121
Q

where does the cranial root and spinal root of the accessory nerve join?

A

converge on the vagus just before X and XI leave the skull. Thus spinal XI root travels up before going down again.

122
Q

name all the sensory (afferent) areas that the vagus nerve innervates. (three groups)

A
  • receptors for general sensation in the pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, tympanic membrane, external auditory meatus and part of the concha of the external ear
  • chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies and baroreceptors in the aortic arch
  • receptors widely distributed throughout the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
123
Q

what supplies sensory information for the external tympanic membrane of the ear?

A

vagus + trigeminal nerve

124
Q

what supplies sensory information for the external auditory meatus?

A

vagus + trigeminal nerve

125
Q

what are the two small muscles in the middle ear/ tympanic cavity? And their innervations.

A

tensor tympani - innervated by branch of trigeminal nerve.

stapedius - nerve to stapedius (facial nerve)

126
Q

what does the carotid sheath contain?

A

vagus nerve
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein

127
Q

Name a primary cartilaginous joint

A

the epiphyseal cartilaginous joints found at the end of long bones within children.

128
Q

Examples of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

articulations between vertebral bodies
articulation between the 1st rib and the manubrium
articulations between symphysis (eg. the pubic symphysis)

129
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

head, spine, ribcage

130
Q

where are the primary curvatures?

A

thoracic and sacral

131
Q

when does the first secondary curvature develop? (cervical)

A

as the baby starts to lift its head and it is able to sit up. 4 months to 9 months

132
Q

when does the second secondary curvature develop (lumbar)

A

when the lumbar learns to walk (12-18 months)

133
Q

what is the vertebral pedicle?

A

First part of vertebral arch as it leaves the vertebral body

134
Q

describe the boundaries of the intervertebral foramen (where the spinal nerves exit). VERY IMPORTANT

A

anteriorly - vertebral bodies and discs
medially and laterally by the pedicles
posterior by the synovial facet joints

135
Q

sensory nerve fibres come from the ……… root

A

dorsal

136
Q

motor nerve fibres comes from the …….. root

A

ventral

137
Q

the dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots for the mixed spinal nerve at the ………

A

intervertebral foramina

138
Q

the dorsal ramus carries….

A

both motor and sensory fibres

139
Q

the ventral ramus carries……

A

both motor and sensory fibres

140
Q

what is chemosis?

A

swelling of the conjunctiva (an occur with herpes zoster affecting V1). V1 has sensory innervation to conjunctiva.

141
Q

what are axial lines?

A

borders between non-adjacent dermatomes in limbs (more pronounced on flexor surfaces, eg. C5/ T1) Formed as the limb bud extends. No overlap at axial lines.

142
Q

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

only the vertebral bodies, not the discs.

143
Q

what is the effect of a cervical rib?

A

impediment in the subclavian blood flow and stretching of the brachial plexus, especially T1 contribution.

144
Q

where does the ligmentum flavum travel?

A

between the lamina of the vertebrae.

145
Q

what are the three ligaments of the dens?

A

one apical
two lateral (or ala)
Attach to the occipital bone from the tip of the dens.

146
Q

what holds the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas?

A

transverse ligaments

147
Q

what is the sacrospinalis?

A

Another name is the erector spinal muscles. Group of outer superficial muscles that extend the back from base of skull to sacrum. Lies in a grove lateral to the vertebral column.

148
Q

name the superficial outer muscles (3)

A

iliocostalis - ilium to ribs
longissimus - between transverse processes
spinalis - between spines

149
Q

Name the Deep outer muscles

A

Multifidus (runs from tps to sps)
rotatores
semispinalis

150
Q 
Back muscles that do :
Flexion
Extension
side-bending
finer movements
A

F ; prevertebral and psoas
E; erector spinae
S ; QL
Finer ; rotatores and other small deep muscles

151
Q

Think about the Thoraco-Abdominal Pump

A

Glottis, ribs, diaphragm, abdominal muscle walls…
NB. when glottis is closed, intra-abdominal pressures increase dramatically and abdominal contents can be expelled. Also used to lift heavy weights.

152
Q

Where do parasympathetic motor nerves leave the neuroaxis?

A

Cranial nerves III, IV, IX, X or via the ventral nerve roots of sacral segments S2, S3, and S4

153
Q

lesion of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes…..

A

paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle

- flabby folds. Can’t get high notes and voice tires easily.

154
Q

lesion of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes……

A

loss of sensation above the vocal cords

155
Q

lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes….

A

paralysis of all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle, and loss of sensation below the vocal cords.
Difficulty breathing if cords adducted.
Hoare and weak voice if cords abducted.

156
Q

what is affected with a cranial nerve III lesion?

A
  • all the eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus.
  • striated muscle aspect of levator palpebrae superioris
  • cranial nerve III carries the PARASYMPATHETIC fibres for constriction of the eye.
157
Q

Sympathetic fibres to the iris hitch-hike along the ……. cranial nerve

A

trigeminal (ophthalmic division)

158
Q

which tubercles do the scalene attach to?

A

anterior scalenes - anterior tubercle

medius and posterior scalenes - posterior tubercle

159
Q

what does the branch of the fourth ventral ramus supply?

A

diaphragm - phrenic nerve

NB. it travels on the surface of the anterior scalene muscle

160
Q

what is the name of the inferior cervical ganglion?

A

cervicothoracic ganglion or stellate ganglion

161
Q

how do postganglionic sympathetic nerves form the cervical ganglion reach the head?

A

hitch hiking onto blood vessels.

162
Q

what innervates the platysma muscle?

A

facial nerve (muscle of facial expression)

163
Q

What innervates the ANTERIOR belly of the digastric muscle?

A

a small division of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

164
Q

What is the action of the digastric muscle?

A

Raises the hyoid bone during swallowing.

Lowers the mandible and opens the mouth if the hyoid bone is fixed.

165
Q

where can chains of lymphatic glands be felt in the neck?

A

along the internal jugular vein, felt at the anterior border of the s.c.m.

166
Q

what is another name for the middle ear?

A

the tympanic cavity

within petrous temporal bone

167
Q

The sensory part of the auditory canal is supplied by X and V cranial nerves. What supplies the mucosal membranes?

A

IX - glossopharygneal nerve.

168
Q

what does the extradural fat do in the spinal canal, and exact location

A

located in a gap between the dura and the vertebral bodies.

It houses the internal vertebral venous plexus.

169
Q

what are the two main carotid arteries that can be seen with a carotid angiogram?

A

middle cerebral artery

anterior cerebral artery

170
Q

what are the main three arterial branches that supply the brain?

A

posterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery

171
Q

what is a Subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

a haemorrhage beneath the arachnoid. Usually rupture of a berry aneurysm on the circle of Willis.

172
Q

what causes a Subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

overexertion
> BP
weakness in arterial wall

173
Q

what is a Subdural haemorrhage

A

A rupture of veins between the brain and the sagittal sinus.
Frequent with elderly people who trip over .
Gradual worsening of symptoms

174
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression? (6)

A 
Include :    (there are lots more)
Occipitofrontalis muscle
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Zygomaticus
Buccinator muscle
Mentalis
platysma
175
Q

Does the facial nerve travel through the parotid gland?

A

Yes, therefore cancer of the parotid gland can cause facial paralysis

176
Q

what other muscles does the facial nerve innervate (excluding muscles of facial expression)?

A

stylohyloid
stapedius
posterior belly of the digastric muscle

177
Q

The geniculate ganglion is associated with the facial nerve, name two other ganglion

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

submandibular ganglion

178
Q

All muscles of the palate are supplied by the vagus except for tensor palati which is supplied by the …….

A

trigeminal nerve

179
Q

what does the palatoglossus muscle do? (pharyngeal innervation)

A

moves tongue upwards against the palate ready for swallowing

180
Q

what does the styloglossus muscle do?

A

Moves the tongue backwards so that a bolus can be pulled backwards against the top of the oropharynx

181
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

Between the pillars of fauces at the entrance to the oropharynx

182
Q

which muscle is inferior to the inferior constrictor and can have pouches (diverticula)?

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

* pharyngeal pouches can herniate between this muscle and the oesophagus

183
Q

which veins from the orbit drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

184
Q

where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

at the end of the sigmoid sinus

185
Q

what does the straight sinus interconnect with?

A

the superior and inferior sagittal sinus

NB> the straight sinus connects with i.s.s. and also the great cerebral vein

186
Q

how is c.s.f. transported into the venous sinuses?

A

via arachnoid granulations (clusters of villi) that protrude into the venous sinuses (especially superior sagittal sinus)

187
Q

what does the internal jugular vein feed into?

A

subclavian vein - brachiocephalic vein - superior vena cava

188
Q

From anterior to posterior, what are the five node groups in the superficial lymphatic crown?

A 
Occipital nodes
Post-auricular nodes (on mastoid process)
Superficial parotid nodes
Facial (buccal) nodes
Submental nodes
189
Q

What does the superficial lymphatic ring drain?

A

Structures outside the deep fascia, eg. The lips, anterior nasal cavity.

190
Q

What does the salivary glands and oral cavity drain into?

A

Deep lymphatic nodes

191
Q

What are the intermediary deep lymph nodes (4)

A

Deep portion of parotid nodes
Adenoids
Tonsillar
Submandibular

192
Q

What do all the intermediary deep lymph nodes drain into?

A

Superior jugular node

193
Q

Deep lymph nodes do two main things, what are they?

A

Receive lymph from the superficial lymphatic drainage

Receive lymph from their respective deep structures.

194
Q

What is the main lymphatic drainage for the tongue?

A

Submandibular node

195
Q

Lumps in the neck… what could they be?

A

Thyroid – midline. Moves up and down with swallowing since attached to trachea
Lateral - lymph nodes
Branchial cysts

196
Q

sites of haemopoiesis after age 20

A 
diploe
scapula, clavicle, sternum
rib cage
vertebral bodies
pelvis
197
Q

what are the two main branches of the internal carotid?

A

middle cerebral artery

anterior cerebral artery

198
Q

how is csf transported into the venous system?

A

via arachnoid granulations that protrude into the venous sinuses from the subarachnoid space

199
Q

what is the function of the pterygoids?

A

They draw the mandible forwards during mastication.

200
Q

what does the maxillary branch (Vii) branch into?

A

zygomatic branch - lacrimal

posterior superior alveolar nerve

201
Q

where does the pteryopalatine ganglion lie?

A

in the pteryopalatine fossa. Connected to the maxillary nerve (Vii)

202
Q

what is sensory nerve innervation for the floor of the mouth and the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve - branch of mandibular division of trigeminal

203
Q

what is Meckel’s cave?

A

a depression on the apex of the petrous bone where the sensory trigeminal ganglion resides

204
Q

where is the sensory trigeminal ganglion?

A

Meckel’s cave - depression on the petrous bone

205
Q

what can the sensory branches of trigeminal be tested for?

A

touch, pressure, temperature and pain

206
Q

where does the chords tympani branch off the facial nerve?

A

in the facial canal

207
Q

tensor palati is innervated by…..

A

trigeminal nerve

208
Q

what is the embryological origin of the thyroid gland?

A

foramen caecum in the tongue

209
Q

nerve roots for the brachial plexus?

A 
C5-6  = upper trunk
C7 = middle trunk
C8-T1 = lower trunk
210
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum?

A

elastic ligament attached to adjacent lamina of the vertebral arches

211
Q

Where do you find uncus, and what are their function?

A

on the bodies of cervical vertebrae.

form synovial covertebral joints.

212
Q

what direction are the superior articular facets of the axis?

A

flat to allow rotation

Rem.

213
Q

How would you describe the muscles of the back?

A

inner layer - inside ribs/ costal elements
middle layer - between costal elements
outer layer - from sacrum to base of skull

214
Q

example of inner layer muscles

A

psoas

215
Q

example (2) of middle layer muscles

A

scalenes

Q.L.

216
Q

superficial Outer muscles

A

ILS
iliocostalis (cervicis/ thoracis/ lumborum)
longissimis (capitis/ cervicis/ thoracis)
spinalis (cervicis, thoracis)

217
Q

deep Outer muscles

A

rotatores (most superficial)
multifidus
semispinalis (deepest)

218
Q

tensor palati and the tensor tympani are innervated by…..

A

Viii

mandibular branch of trigeminal

219
Q

what innervates the tragus of the ear?

A

trigeminal nerve

220
Q

what nerves innervate the funnel of the ear?

A

VII, IX, X

221
Q

Branches of the maxillary (Vii)

A

zygomatic
infraorbital
nasopalatine
alveolar nerves (supplies all the upper teeth)

222
Q

what is the structure separating the buccinator from the superior constrictor muscle?

A

pterygomandibular raphe

223
Q

which muscles form the ‘oral diaphragm’?

A

the mylohyoids

224
Q

where is the otic ganglion?

A

suspended below the foramen ovale

225
Q

where do parasympathetic fibres carried in the chords tympani synapse?

A

sub-mandibular ganglion

226
Q

which muscles form the anterior and posterior pillars of fauces?

A

Palatopharyngeus

Palatoglossus

227
Q

Lymph from the upper oral cavity drain into the (2)…..

A

buccal ‘cheek’ nodes

parotid nodes

228
Q

Lymph from the lower oral cavity drain into the (2)…..

A

submental nodes

submandibular nodes

229
Q

Lymph from the oropharynx drains directly into the….

A

superior deep cervical nodes

230
Q

whats the name of the processes close to the sella turcica?

A

clinoid processes (anterior and posterior)

231
Q

what attaches to the clinoid processes?

A

the tentorium

232
Q

name of the muscle surrounding the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

233
Q

name of the muscle surrounding the mouth

A

orbicularis oris

234
Q

what’s the function of the scalenes?

A

accessory muscles of respiration

support the cervical vertebral column

235
Q

What is the pterygoid canal?

A

It is a passage in the skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.

236
Q

what is the maxillary artery a branch of?

A

the external carotid artery

- it supplies deep structures in the face.

237
Q

What is the name of the most concentrated part of the macula of the eye?

A

fovea centralis

238
Q

what is the nervus intermedius nerve?

A

part of the facial nerve found between the motor fibres of VII and the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Contains sensory and parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve.

239
Q

what input does the nervus intermedius nerve carry?

A

input about sensation from the skin of the external auditory meatus, from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and nose, and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and the palate.

240
Q

what is the name of the suture that divides the frontal bone in newborns

A

metopic suture

241
Q

what duct pierces through the buccinator muscle?

A

parotid duct

242
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

243
Q

why can a torn vessel under the aponeurosis lead to bruising in the area of the eyelids?

A

Because the frontalis is only connected superficially to subcutaneous tissue, thus blood can leak anteriorly.

Anatomy (33 decks)

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