The Foot

Question 1

What is the keystone in the longitudinal arch?

Answer 1

cuboid bone

Question 2

distally to proximally, what are the bones of the foot?

Answer 2

phalanges, metatarsal, lateral cuneiform, navicular, talus, calcaneus

Question 3

what are the keystones in the medial arch?

Answer 3

medial cuneiform, navicular bone
The medial arch is made up by the calcaneus, the talus, the navicular, the three cuneiforms, and the first, second, and third metatarsals.
It is further supported by the plantar aponeurosis, by the small muscles in the foot, by the tendons of the Tibialis and Peroneus longus, and ligaments.

Question 4

Name the three strong plantar ligaments

Answer 4

calcaneonavicular ligament (aka spring ligament)
short navicular ligament
long navicular ligament

Question 5

Name the only dorsal intrinsic foot muscle and the innervation, and origins and insertions

Answer 5

Extensor digitorum brevis, innervated by the deep perineal nerve.
Origin; dorsum of calcaneus
Inserts; to digits II-IV

Question 6

What makes up the talocrural joint?

Answer 6

This is responsible for flexion and extension of the ankle joint and is located between the trochlea of the talus and the fibula and tibial bones.

Question 7

What makes up the Subtalar joint?

Answer 7

This is responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot and is located between the talus, calcaneus, and and navicular bones.

Question 8

In the ankle, what does the lateral collateral ligament consist of? (5)

Answer 8

talofibular ligaments - post and ant
calcaneofibular ligaments
tibiofibular ligaments - ant and post

Question 9

In the ankle, what does the medial collateral ligament consist of?

Answer 9

Anterior and posterior tibio-talar,
tibio-calcanear
and tibio-navicular parts = Deltoid Lig.

Question 10

Plantar ligaments

Answer 10

Calcaneonavicular ligament
Long and short plantar ligaments
Tarso-tarsal, dorsal tarsal, tarso-metatarsal and metatarsal ligaments

Question 11

what is the ligament most commonly sprained?

Answer 11

anterior talofibular ligament

Question 12

what are the two tendons that lie behind the medial malleous?

Answer 12

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Question 13

what is the name of the tendon that lies in front of the medial malleolus?

Answer 13

Tibialis Anterior

Question 14

what is the name of the big vein that lies anterior to the fibula bone?

Answer 14

great saphenous vein

Question 15

what small vein does the great saphenous vein become?

Answer 15

dorsalis pedis

Question 16

two tendons lie behind the medial malleous, and another one lies more posteriorly.. which one is it?

Answer 16

flexor hallucis longus

Question 17

What single intrinsic muscle is in the dorsal of the foot?

Answer 17

extensor digitorum brevis muscle

inn. deep peroneal nerve

Question 18

What three muscles make up the superficial layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?

Answer 18

Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Abductor Hallucis
Abductor Digiti Minimi

Question 19

Tell me everything about the Flexor Digitorum Brevis muscle

Answer 19

found in the central plantar area. Originates on the Calcaneus and inserts on the II-V digiti (middle phalanges). Similar to the flexor digitorum superficialis in the hand, the tendons split at the end to allow the deeper muscle, the flexor digitorum longus muscle to pass through and attach to the distal phalanges. (similar to the flexor digitorum profundus in the hand).

Question 20

Intrinsic foot muscle innervation

Answer 20

ALL innervation via the TIBIAL nerve, except the Extensor Digitorum Brevis (Deep Peroneal Nerve) + 1st, 2nd dorsal interossei muscles.

Question 21

tibial nerve branches into….

Answer 21

TIBIAL nerve – medial and lateral plantar nerves.

Question 22

Superficial plantar muscles (medial to lateral) - 3

Answer 22

Abductor hallucis
- Calcaneous to base of proximal phalanx

Flexor digitorum brevis
- Calcaneous to middle phalanx (2-5). Split tendon

Abductor digiti minimi
- Calcaneous to base of proximal phalanx

Question 23

Second layer (plantar foot muscles)

Answer 23

Posterior to tendon of flexor digitorum longus.

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus. Passes through the flexor digitorum brevis

Muscles in this layer (2) are in relation to this tendon.

1. Quadratus plantae
   - Two heads attached to calcaneus. Attached to lateral aspect of flexor digitorum longus tendon.
2. Lumbricals

Question 24

Third layer (plantar foot muscles)

Answer 24

Associated with little toe and big toe.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Adductor hallucis
This has a transverse and an oblique head

Flexor Hallucis brevis (underneath tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle)

Question 25

Fourth layer (plantar foot muscles)

Answer 25

Plantar and dorsal interossei muscles