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Biology > The Skeleton and Muscles > Flashcards

The Skeleton and Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the skeleton

A

Support
Shape
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production

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2
Q

How many bones

A

206

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3
Q

How is skeleton divided

A

Axial
Appendicular

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4
Q

Axial skeleton contains:

A

Skull
Sternum
Rib
Vertebrae
Coccyx

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5
Q

Appendicular skeleton contains:

A

Clavicle (pectoral girdle)
Scapula (pectoral girdle)
Humerus
Pelvic girdle
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalange
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalange

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6
Q

Axial skeleton definition

A

Consists of the skull spine ribs and sternum

Over 20 bones fused together

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7
Q

How many bones in vertebrae

A

33

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8
Q

No. of vertebre in:
Neck/Clavical

A

7

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9
Q

No. of vertebre in:
Thoracic/Chest

A

12

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10
Q

No. of vertebre in:
Lumbar/Back

A

5

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11
Q

No. of vertebre in:
Sacrum

A

5

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12
Q

No. of vertebre in:
Coccyx

A

4

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13
Q

Pectoral girdle’s attached limb is

A

Arm

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14
Q

Pelvic girdle attached limb:

A

Leg

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15
Q

Pectoral girdle contains

A

Clavical
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals and metacarpals

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16
Q

Pelvic girdle contains

A

Femur
Knee cap
Tibia
Fibula
Tersas and metatarsals

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17
Q

Bone structure basic

A

Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis

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18
Q

Hollow centre region of bone called?

A

Medullary cavity (contains yellow bone marrow that stored fat)

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19
Q

Medullary cavity function

A

contains yellow bone marrow that stored fat

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20
Q

Cartilage function

A

Reduces friction
Shock absorber

21
Q

Periosteum is…

A

A tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone
Contains calcium and collagen

22
Q

Red marrow

A

Present in the cranium, Clavicals, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and long bones of the young
It makes red and white blood cells and platelets

23
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Stores fat and is inactive
Can convert to red active marrow if needed

24
Q

Role of calcium in the bone

A

Calcium phosphate gives bone it’s hardness and resistance to compression
Collagen gives it flexibility

25
Q

Lack of calcium disorder:

A

Osteomalacia
Soft weak bones

26
Q

Lack of collagen

A

Osteoporosis
Brittle bones easy broken

27
Q

Collagen function

A

Flexible bones

28
Q

Calcium function

A

Hard bones

29
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Destroy bone on the outer surface and on the inner surface of the marrow cavity

30
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form new bone

31
Q

Bone growth

A

Increase in length is caused by a section of cartilage called the growth plate
Found between each medullary cavity and the spongy bone
In the growth plate the osteoblasts form bone matrix to extend the length of the bone

32
Q

What do growth plates contain?

A

Osteoblasts

33
Q

Contributes to bone growth/renewal

A

Physical activity: stimulates osteoblast formation
Hormones: growth and sex hormones
Diet: calcium

34
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone
Made of strong elastic fibres

35
Q

Tendons

A

Join muscles to bones

36
Q

Joint

A

Where two bones meet

37
Q

The types of joints (3)

A

Immovable
Slightly movable
Free moving (synovial joints)

38
Q

Immovable joints

A

Allow no movement between the bones
Function: protection and strength
Eg: skull and coccyx

39
Q

Slightly moveable joints

A

Allow a small amount of movement between the bones
Eg: vertebrae

40
Q

Synovial/ free moving joints

A

Have cartilage covering the end of the bones and have a gap between the bones
Eg: ball and socket and hinge joint
Knee joint

41
Q

Knee joint contains

A

Femur
Tibia
Cartilage
Synovial fluid
Ligament
Tendon
Muscle
Knee cap

42
Q

3 types of muscles

A

Involuntary (intestines, blood vessels)
Cardiac muscle (heart)
Voluntary (skeletal or striped)

43
Q

Agnostic pairs

A

Are muscles that have opposite effects, when one contracts the other relaxes

44
Q

Example of an agnostic pair

A

Bicep contracts to raise the forearm (it’s called a flexor)
The triceps contract to straighten the forearm (called an extensor)

45
Q

Disorder of the musculoskeletal system

A

Arthritis

46
Q

Arthritis is..

A

Inflammation in the joints

47
Q

Cause of arthritis:

A

Genetic
Hormone imbalance
Injury

48
Q

Prevention of arthritis

A

Good diet
Footwear
Not putting bones and joints under excessive stress during exercise

49
Q

Treatment for arthritis:

A

Aspirin (reduce swelling and pain)
Replacement with an artificial joint

Biology (41 decks)

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