The Skeleton and Muscles Flashcards
Function of the skeleton
Support
Shape
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production
How many bones
206
How is skeleton divided
Axial
Appendicular
Axial skeleton contains:
Skull
Sternum
Rib
Vertebrae
Coccyx
Appendicular skeleton contains:
Clavicle (pectoral girdle)
Scapula (pectoral girdle)
Humerus
Pelvic girdle
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
Metacarpal
Phalange
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Phalange
Axial skeleton definition
Consists of the skull spine ribs and sternum
Over 20 bones fused together
How many bones in vertebrae
33
No. of vertebre in:
Neck/Clavical
7
No. of vertebre in:
Thoracic/Chest
12
No. of vertebre in:
Lumbar/Back
5
No. of vertebre in:
Sacrum
5
No. of vertebre in:
Coccyx
4
Pectoral girdle’s attached limb is
Arm
Pelvic girdle attached limb:
Leg
Pectoral girdle contains
Clavical
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals and metacarpals
Pelvic girdle contains
Femur
Knee cap
Tibia
Fibula
Tersas and metatarsals
Bone structure basic
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Hollow centre region of bone called?
Medullary cavity (contains yellow bone marrow that stored fat)
Medullary cavity function
contains yellow bone marrow that stored fat
Cartilage function
Reduces friction
Shock absorber
Periosteum is…
A tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone
Contains calcium and collagen
Red marrow
Present in the cranium, Clavicals, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and long bones of the young
It makes red and white blood cells and platelets
Yellow marrow
Stores fat and is inactive
Can convert to red active marrow if needed
Role of calcium in the bone
Calcium phosphate gives bone it’s hardness and resistance to compression
Collagen gives it flexibility
Lack of calcium disorder:
Osteomalacia
Soft weak bones
Lack of collagen
Osteoporosis
Brittle bones easy broken
Collagen function
Flexible bones
Calcium function
Hard bones
Osteoclasts
Destroy bone on the outer surface and on the inner surface of the marrow cavity
Osteoblasts
Form new bone
Bone growth
Increase in length is caused by a section of cartilage called the growth plate
Found between each medullary cavity and the spongy bone
In the growth plate the osteoblasts form bone matrix to extend the length of the bone
What do growth plates contain?
Osteoblasts
Contributes to bone growth/renewal
Physical activity: stimulates osteoblast formation
Hormones: growth and sex hormones
Diet: calcium
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Made of strong elastic fibres
Tendons
Join muscles to bones
Joint
Where two bones meet
The types of joints (3)
Immovable
Slightly movable
Free moving (synovial joints)
Immovable joints
Allow no movement between the bones
Function: protection and strength
Eg: skull and coccyx
Slightly moveable joints
Allow a small amount of movement between the bones
Eg: vertebrae
Synovial/ free moving joints
Have cartilage covering the end of the bones and have a gap between the bones
Eg: ball and socket and hinge joint
Knee joint
Knee joint contains
Femur
Tibia
Cartilage
Synovial fluid
Ligament
Tendon
Muscle
Knee cap
3 types of muscles
Involuntary (intestines, blood vessels)
Cardiac muscle (heart)
Voluntary (skeletal or striped)
Agnostic pairs
Are muscles that have opposite effects, when one contracts the other relaxes
Example of an agnostic pair
Bicep contracts to raise the forearm (it’s called a flexor)
The triceps contract to straighten the forearm (called an extensor)
Disorder of the musculoskeletal system
Arthritis
Arthritis is..
Inflammation in the joints
Cause of arthritis:
Genetic
Hormone imbalance
Injury
Prevention of arthritis
Good diet
Footwear
Not putting bones and joints under excessive stress during exercise
Treatment for arthritis:
Aspirin (reduce swelling and pain)
Replacement with an artificial joint
