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Fungi Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hypha

A

a tube or filament in a fungus

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2
Q

mycelium

A

a (usually) visible mass of hyphae

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3
Q

fungi are

A

multicellular
eukaryotic
heterotrophic

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4
Q

the body is called

A

a mycelium and is made up of a tangled mass of microscopic threads called hyphae

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5
Q

fungi cell walls are made of

A

chitin

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6
Q

why are fungi heterotrophic

A

no chlorophyll

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7
Q

fungi reproduce by means of..

A

spores

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8
Q

heterotrophic fungi (2 types)

A

parasitic
saprophytic

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9
Q

parasitic fungi

A

feeds off a living host (eg:) potato blight/ athletes foot

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10
Q

obligate parasite

A

can only take its food from a LIVE host

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11
Q

facultative parasite

A

can get it’s food from a live or dead host

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12
Q

saprophytic fungi

A

feeds on dead organic matter (eg:) rhizopus and yeast

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13
Q

is rhizopus saprophytic or parasitic

A

saprophytic

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14
Q

is yeast saprophytic or parastitic

A

saprophytic

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15
Q

are mushrooms saprophytic or parasitic

A

saprophytic

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16
Q

edible fungi

A

standard field mushroom
morels
truffle

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17
Q

poisonous fungi

A

death cap mushroom
destroying angel
(liver failure)

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18
Q

negative economic impact of fungi

A

food spoilage
crop diseases (potato blight)
timber rot

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19
Q

positive economic impact of fungi

A

used in baking industry to make bread
used in brewing industry to make alcohol
food source
antibiotics

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20
Q

structure of rhizopus (draw)

A

sporangium
spores
sporangiophore
stolon
rhizoid

hypha
mycelium

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21
Q

rhizoid function

A

secretes enzymes that digest the bread, absorbs the products of digestion
anchors the fungus

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22
Q

sporulation definition

A

the process of making spores

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23
Q

rhizopus - asexual reproduction

A

hyphae grow up from surface of substrate, these are called sporangiophores.
tip swells to produce a sporangium, whose contents divide by mitosis to form spores (each spore has a haploid nucleus)

in dry conditions the black sporangium dries out and opens to release many spores — blows away and grows into a new hyphae and mycelium,, if on suitable substrate

24
Q

rhizopus - sexual reproduction

A

usually triggered by environmental stimulus like dehydration
- can only occur between a puls and minus strain
- hyphae from opposite strains grow close together, swellings grow and touch each other
- nuclei from both hyphae move into the swellings (now called progametamgia)
- cross walls form to form gametangia
- walls of the gametangia dissolve and a number of fertilisations take place producing a diploid zygote nuclei
- zygospore forms around nuclei
- when conditions are suitable the zygospore germinates by MEIOSIS
- hypha grows out of the zygospore and produces a sporangium at the tip.
- sporangium opens releasing many haploid spores which grow into new individuals.

25
Q

advantages of zygospore formation

A

avoids harsh adverse conditions eg: drought
dispersal

26
Q

yeast structure

A

cell wall
nucleus
cytoplasm
vacuole
food vacuole

no chloroplast no cell membrane

27
Q

equation for the reaction using yeast

A

glucose —> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2

28
Q

yeast cell wall is made of

A

chitin

29
Q

yeast are multi or uni

A

unicellular

30
Q

yeast respire…

A

anaerobically

31
Q

reproduction is yeast is called

A

budding

32
Q

budding steps

A
  1. parent yeast cell
  2. bud forms
  3. nucleus divides by mitosis
  4. a nucleus moves into the bud
  5. bud pinches off and separated from cell
33
Q

if the bud doesn’t seperate

A

a yeast colony forms

34
Q

advantage of budding

A

can be quick

35
Q

disadvantage of budding

A

genetically identical

36
Q

aseptic / asepsis

A

means that measures are taken to exclude unwanted micro-organisms

37
Q

sterile

A

means all micro organisms are destroyed (nothing living)

38
Q

aseptic techniques

A

wash hands
wash bench with disinfectant before and after

39
Q

sterile techniques

A

sterilise equipment by flaming it
immerse all equipment in sterilising fluid after

40
Q

experiment: the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates

A
  1. cut small branch containing leaves
  2. wash hands, bench etc
  3. flame equipment
  4. two sterile petri dishes containing prepped sterile nutrient agar.
  5. use foreceps to pick up leaf
  6. place vasaline on inside of lid of petri dish
  7. attach leaf (dark side down) and close lid
  8. after 24h turn it upside down (prevent condensation)
  9. leave dishes at room temperature for 3-4 days
  10. Control is and empty agar dish (no growth)
41
Q

result of experiment

A

pink colonies form on agar

42
Q

how could growth of leaf yeast be inhibited?

A

by air pollution

43
Q

stolon hypha function

A

grows over the surface of the food and allows new mycelium to develop

44
Q

sporangiophore hypha function

A

supports sporangium and allows spores to be more easily dispersed

45
Q

sporangium function

A

produces and releases the haploid spores

46
Q

columella function

A

separates the spores from the sporangiophore and plays a role in spore release

47
Q

experiment questions: what plant did you use

A

ash tree leaf

48
Q

experiment questions: what were the results

A

pink colonies on experiment plate
no colonies on control

49
Q

experiment questions: what control did you use?

A

am agar plate with no leaf

50
Q

experiment questions: why were the agar plates left 24 hours upright before turning them upside down, why?

A

to allow the leaf yeast to fall onto the plate

51
Q

experiment questions: what is meant by aseptic conditions?

A

taking steps to exclude unwanted pathogenic micro organisms

52
Q

experiment questions: how did you ensure the leaf was the only source of yeast

A

used sterile agar plates
unopened dish as a control

53
Q

experiment questions: why did you seal the plates before incubation

A

prevent possible contamination
prevent the spread of micro organisms

54
Q

experiment questions: how were the plates disposed of at the end of the experiment

A

autoclaved
soaked in disinfectant

55
Q

experiment questions: how did you introduce the leaf yeast to the agar plates?

A

using aseptic technique the leaf was attached to the lid of the petri dish, under surface facing down, using vasaline

56
Q

experiment questions:how did you identify the leaf yeast?

A

pink colonies appeared

Biology (41 decks)

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