Fungi

Question 1

hypha

Answer 1

a tube or filament in a fungus

Question 2

mycelium

Answer 2

a (usually) visible mass of hyphae

Question 3

fungi are

Answer 3

multicellular
eukaryotic
heterotrophic

Question 4

the body is called

Answer 4

a mycelium and is made up of a tangled mass of microscopic threads called hyphae

Question 5

fungi cell walls are made of

Answer 5

chitin

Question 6

why are fungi heterotrophic

Answer 6

no chlorophyll

Question 7

fungi reproduce by means of..

Answer 7

spores

Question 8

heterotrophic fungi (2 types)

Answer 8

parasitic
saprophytic

Question 9

parasitic fungi

Answer 9

feeds off a living host (eg:) potato blight/ athletes foot

Question 10

obligate parasite

Answer 10

can only take its food from a LIVE host

Question 11

facultative parasite

Answer 11

can get it’s food from a live or dead host

Question 12

saprophytic fungi

Answer 12

feeds on dead organic matter (eg:) rhizopus and yeast

Question 13

is rhizopus saprophytic or parasitic

Answer 13

saprophytic

Question 14

is yeast saprophytic or parastitic

Answer 14

saprophytic

Question 15

are mushrooms saprophytic or parasitic

Answer 15

saprophytic

Question 16

edible fungi

Answer 16

standard field mushroom
morels
truffle

Question 17

poisonous fungi

Answer 17

death cap mushroom
destroying angel
(liver failure)

Question 18

negative economic impact of fungi

Answer 18

food spoilage
crop diseases (potato blight)
timber rot

Question 19

positive economic impact of fungi

Answer 19

used in baking industry to make bread
used in brewing industry to make alcohol
food source
antibiotics

Question 20

structure of rhizopus (draw)

Answer 20

sporangium
spores
sporangiophore
stolon
rhizoid

hypha
mycelium

Question 21

rhizoid function

Answer 21

secretes enzymes that digest the bread, absorbs the products of digestion
anchors the fungus

Question 22

sporulation definition

Answer 22

the process of making spores

Question 23

rhizopus - asexual reproduction

Answer 23

hyphae grow up from surface of substrate, these are called sporangiophores.
tip swells to produce a sporangium, whose contents divide by mitosis to form spores (each spore has a haploid nucleus)

in dry conditions the black sporangium dries out and opens to release many spores — blows away and grows into a new hyphae and mycelium,, if on suitable substrate

Question 24

rhizopus - sexual reproduction

Answer 24

usually triggered by environmental stimulus like dehydration
- can only occur between a puls and minus strain
- hyphae from opposite strains grow close together, swellings grow and touch each other
- nuclei from both hyphae move into the swellings (now called progametamgia)
- cross walls form to form gametangia
- walls of the gametangia dissolve and a number of fertilisations take place producing a diploid zygote nuclei
- zygospore forms around nuclei
- when conditions are suitable the zygospore germinates by MEIOSIS
- hypha grows out of the zygospore and produces a sporangium at the tip.
- sporangium opens releasing many haploid spores which grow into new individuals.

Question 25

advantages of zygospore formation

Answer 25

avoids harsh adverse conditions eg: drought dispersal

Question 26

yeast structure

Answer 26

cell wall nucleus cytoplasm vacuole food vacuole no chloroplast no cell membrane

Question 27

equation for the reaction using yeast

Answer 27

glucose —> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2

Question 28

yeast cell wall is made of

Answer 28

chitin

Question 29

yeast are multi or uni

Answer 29

unicellular

Question 30

yeast respire…

Answer 30

anaerobically

Question 31

reproduction is yeast is called

Answer 31

budding

Question 32

budding steps

Answer 32

1. parent yeast cell 2. bud forms 3. nucleus divides by mitosis 4. a nucleus moves into the bud 5. bud pinches off and separated from cell

Question 33

if the bud doesn’t seperate

Answer 33

a yeast colony forms

Question 34

advantage of budding

Answer 34

can be quick

Question 35

disadvantage of budding

Answer 35

genetically identical

Question 36

aseptic / asepsis

Answer 36

means that measures are taken to exclude unwanted micro-organisms

Question 37

sterile

Answer 37

means all micro organisms are destroyed (nothing living)

Question 38

aseptic techniques

Answer 38

wash hands wash bench with disinfectant before and after

Question 39

sterile techniques

Answer 39

sterilise equipment by flaming it immerse all equipment in sterilising fluid after

Question 40

experiment: the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates

Answer 40

1. cut small branch containing leaves 2. wash hands, bench etc 3. flame equipment 4. two sterile petri dishes containing prepped sterile nutrient agar. 5. use foreceps to pick up leaf 6. place vasaline on inside of lid of petri dish 7. attach leaf (dark side down) and close lid 8. after 24h turn it upside down (prevent condensation) 9. leave dishes at room temperature for 3-4 days 10. Control is and empty agar dish (no growth)

Question 41

result of experiment

Answer 41

pink colonies form on agar

Question 42

how could growth of leaf yeast be inhibited?

Answer 42

by air pollution

Question 43

stolon hypha function

Answer 43

grows over the surface of the food and allows new mycelium to develop

Question 44

sporangiophore hypha function

Answer 44

supports sporangium and allows spores to be more easily dispersed

Question 45

sporangium function

Answer 45

produces and releases the haploid spores

Question 46

columella function

Answer 46

separates the spores from the sporangiophore and plays a role in spore release

Question 47

experiment questions: what plant did you use

Answer 47

ash tree leaf

Question 48

experiment questions: what were the results

Answer 48

pink colonies on experiment plate no colonies on control

Question 49

experiment questions: what control did you use?

Answer 49

am agar plate with no leaf

Question 50

experiment questions: why were the agar plates left 24 hours upright before turning them upside down, why?

Answer 50

to allow the leaf yeast to fall onto the plate

Question 51

experiment questions: what is meant by aseptic conditions?

Answer 51

taking steps to exclude unwanted pathogenic micro organisms

Question 52

experiment questions: how did you ensure the leaf was the only source of yeast

Answer 52

used sterile agar plates unopened dish as a control

Question 53

experiment questions: why did you seal the plates before incubation

Answer 53

prevent possible contamination prevent the spread of micro organisms

Question 54

experiment questions: how were the plates disposed of at the end of the experiment

Answer 54

autoclaved soaked in disinfectant

Question 55

experiment questions: how did you introduce the leaf yeast to the agar plates?

Answer 55

using aseptic technique the leaf was attached to the lid of the petri dish, under surface facing down, using vasaline

Question 56

experiment questions:how did you identify the leaf yeast?

Answer 56

pink colonies appeared