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Food Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition: Nutrition

A

The way in which organisms obtain and use food

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2
Q

Autotroph

A

Autotrophs can make their own food by photosynthesis (Eg:) Plants

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3
Q

Heterotroph

A

Heterotrophs: Cannot make their own food, they eat plants or animals (Eg:) Humans

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4
Q

What does nutrition supply?

A

The materials for growth and reproduction in organisms

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5
Q

Food gives what? to an organism for what?

A

Food gives nutrients to an organism for metabolism and continuity

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6
Q

Nutrients are needed:

A

• To make chemicals needed for metabolic reactions
• As a source of energy
• Growth and repair of structures in an organism

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7
Q

Most common chemical elements in living things:

A

C (carbon)
H (hydrogen)
O (oxygen)
P (phosphorus)
S (sulphur)
N (nitrogen)

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8
Q

Dissolved salts/ Mineral elements

A

Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca

body needs 100mg or more

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9
Q

Trace elements

A

Zn, Cu, Fe

body needs less than 100mg

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10
Q

Bio molecule definition

A

are chemicals made inside an organism

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11
Q

Carbohydrate Elements

A

C H O

formula: Cx (H2O)y

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12
Q

glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a carbohydrate composed of a single sugar unit

Example: glucose, fructose, galactose

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14
Q

Disaccharides

A

a carbohydrate composed of two sugar units

Example: sucrose, maltose, lactose

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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A

composed of multiple sugar units

Example:
Starch (plant glucose reserve)
Glycogen (glucose reserve of animals, stored in liver)
Cellulose (present in plant cell walls) (indigestible fibre)

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16
Q

Sources of carbohydrates

A

pasta, potato, rice, bread, flour, sweets

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17
Q

Structural role of Carbohydrates

A

Cellulose is the major component of rigid plant cell walls. Neighbouring plant cell walls are glued together forming a well built sturdy structure

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18
Q

Metabolic role of carbohydrates

A

Glucose is made in photosynthesis (anabolic reaction)
Glucose is broken down and energy released in respiration (catabolic reaction)

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19
Q

Use of carbohydrates

A

To supply and store energy

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20
Q

Reducing sugar test

A

Heated Benedict’s Reagent
Blue before
Brick red of glucose is present

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21
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine
Brown
Blue black if starch is present

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22
Q

Lipids elements

A

C H O

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23
Q

Difference between fats and oils lipids

A

Fats are solid and room temperature
Oils are liquid at room temperature

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24
Q

Basic structure of a triglyceride

A

One glycerol
Three fatty acids

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25
Q

Basic structure of a Phospholipid

A

One glycerol
Two fatty acids
One phosphate group

26
Q

Difference between triglyceride and phospholipid

A

Triglyceride: is made up of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Phospholipid: is made up of one glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate group

27
Q

Sources of lipids

A

Meat, cream, butter, cod liver oil, sunflower oil

28
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

Energy store
Fat surrounds our delicate organs protecting them (heart, kidneys)
Insulation
A modified form of lipid, phospholipid forms a bilayer of all cell membranes

29
Q

Metabolic role of lipids

A

Energy can be released from lipids by aerobic respiration
Excess carbohydrate in our diet is converted to fat and stored

30
Q

Lipid Test

A

Brown paper
Translucent spot evident if lipid is present
Control: water: dries out

31
Q

Protein elements

A

C H O N

sulphur, phosphorus

32
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

33
Q

Many amino acids join together to form

A

Peptides

34
Q

Over 20 amino acids

A

poly peptides

35
Q

More than 200 amino acids

A

Protein

36
Q

Sources of protein

A

Meat, fish, eggs, milk

37
Q

Structural role of protein

A

Protein form structures such as:
Keratin, found in hair and nails, which protects and insulates the body
Myosin, found in muscle, muscle is present in the heart, in the wall of the arteries and veins etc

38
Q

Metabolic role of protein

A

Enzymes are proteins that control particular biochemical reactions. The metabolism of a cell depends on the set of active enzymes present in the cell at the time
Some hormones are made of protein

39
Q

Test for Proteins

A

Bliuret test
Sodium Hydroxide (colourless)
Copper Sulphate (blue)
Turns purple/ lilac is protein is present

40
Q

fibrous

A

Collagen (bones and tendons)
Keratin (hair and nails)
Myosin (muscle)

41
Q

Globular

A

Enzymes (biological catalysts)
Haemoglobin (red blood cells)
Hormones (chemical messengers)

42
Q

Role of Vitamins

A

Health
cell production
tissue growth

43
Q

Vitamin C sources

A

Oranges, lemons, limes, blackcurrant

44
Q

Use of Vitamin C

A

Vitamin C is needed to form skin, gums
Role in fighting infection

45
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

46
Q

Symptoms of scurvy

A

Poor healing of skin
Bruising
poor gums with loose teeth

47
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Liver, fish, oils, milk

ALSO

made in skin (UV rays)

48
Q

Use of Vitamin D

A

Need to absorb calcium from our intestines into the blood

49
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin D

A

Rickets, osteomalacia

50
Q

Symptoms of Osteomalacia

A

weak, deformed, brittle bones

51
Q

What are minerals essential for?

A

metabolism

52
Q

Minerals needed by plants

A

Calcium (support to cell walls)
Magnesium (to make green pigment chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis)

53
Q

Minerals needed by animals

A

Calcium (formation of bones and teeth)
Iron (red pigment haemoglobin (which carries oxygen) (prevents anaemia)

54
Q

Importance of water in living things

A

Component of the cytoplasm and body fluids of living organisms.
Excellent solvent which allows,
1. Cell reactions to take place
2. transport of, vitamins, minerals etc, of hormones, of waste products (CO2)

55
Q

Metabolic role of water

A

water plays a key role in many metabolic reactions (respiration and photosynthesis)

56
Q

Water moves

A

in and out of cells very easily giving them the correct shape

57
Q

Water has a specific high heat capacity

A

This means that water is difficult to warm up or cool down.
This means that water tends to maintain a fairly constant temperature.
Organisms living in water or mainly composed of water tend to have stable temperatures, this allows their reactions to take place at constant rated

58
Q

metabolism definition

A

the sun of all chemical reactions in the body

59
Q

anabolic reaction

A

form larger molecules from smaller ones

anabolic reactions require energy and enzymes to take place.

Example: Photosynthesis

60
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Break down large molecules to form smaller ones
Catabolic reactions need enzymes but they release energy

Example: Respiration

Biology (41 decks)

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