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Biology > Cell diversity > Flashcards

Cell diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that carry out the same function

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2
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues that work together to carry out a similar function

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3
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs that work together that work together to carry out a function

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4
Q

Organism

A

A group of systems that work together

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5
Q

Types of plant tissues

A

Dermal tissues
Vascular tissue

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6
Q

Dermal tissue

A

A single layer of cells that surrounds the different part of a plant
* epidermis protects the plant

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7
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports materials around the plant
Xylem
Phloem

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8
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and minerals around the plant

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9
Q

Phloem

A

Transports food from the leaves to the other parts of the plants

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10
Q

Animal tissues

A

Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscular tissue

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

Description: Consists of a number of cells spread out in a matrix (surrounding substance)
Function: joins and supports other body structures
Example: blood (red, white, platelets suspended in plasma)

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12
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Description : nervous tissue is composed of nerve cells called neurons
Function: neurons are adapted to carry electrical impulses to and from the
brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Description: sheets of flat cells that cover surfaces
Function: (googled): protection, filtration, absorption etc.
Example: pericardium surrounds the heart

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14
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Description: long cells that can get longer or shorter (contract)
Function: (googled) movement
Example: walls of the heart

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15
Q

Organ

A

Composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out a similar function

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16
Q

Plant organs

A

Stem
Leaf
Root
Flower
Seeds
Fruit

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17
Q

Animal organs

A

Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Intestine
Skin
Liver

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18
Q

Plant organ: The Leaf

A

The leaf is an organ that contains dermal tissue (protection) and vascular tissue (transport)
These tissues combine so the leaf can carry out the function of photosynthesis

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19
Q

Animal organ: The Heart

A

The heart is an organ that contains four types of animal tissue
1. Connective tissue (blood, blood vessels (artery))
2. Epithelial tissue (pericardium)
3. Nervous tissue (heartbeat controlled by pacemaker)
4. Muscular tissue (walls of heart made of cardiac muscle)

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20
Q

Systems

A

A system is a number of organs working together to carry out a similar function

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21
Q

Animal systems

A

Digestive (stomach)
Circulatory (heart)
Nervous (brain)
Endocrine (produces hormones)
Urinary (kidney)

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22
Q

Animal system: Digestive system

A

Consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.

All of these combine to take in and break down food.

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23
Q

Animal system: Circulatory

A

Consists of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph and lymph vessels

All of these work together to transport materials around the brain

24
Q

Tissue Culture

A

Tissue culture is the growth of cells in or on an artificial medium outside an organism

The tissue is removed from a plant or animal and grown in glassware or in a bioreactor under carefully controlled conditions

Growth is by mitosis and produces a cluster of identical offspring

25
Q

In vitro : meaning

A

Artificial environment

26
Q

Conditions needed for tissue growth

A

Oxygen
Nutrients
Growth hormones (rooting powder)
Correct pH
A suitable temperature
Sterile conditions
No bacteria present

27
Q

Application of tissue culture (use)

A

Micro-propagation (monoclonal antibodies) (cancer research)
Skin graft (organs transplants)
Biotechnology (insulin, cancer test)

28
Q

Micro-propagation cycle

A

Parent plant - ex plant - nutrient medium - callus - embryoid - embryo - plantlet

29
Q

Benefits of micro propagation

A

Large number of plants produced in a short time
Plants grown this way are generally identical
Can provide plants that are disease resistant
Process is an inexpensive way to produce new plants

30
Q

Producing biotechnology products (micro-propagation)

A

Insulin
Pregnancy tests
Drug test kit
Cancer testing kit (monoclonal antibodies)

31
Q

Cell continuity

A

The ability of cells to divide and survive from one generation to the next

32
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Reproduction
Growth and repair

33
Q

Chromosomes are…

A

Genetic material of the cell
Found in the nucleus
Composed of protein and dna coiled together

34
Q

Gene

A

A gene is a section of DNA that controls the production of a particular protein (that protein gives us the code for a particular trait)

35
Q

Haploid

A

(N)
A haploid cell has a single set of chromosomes

Eg: egg, sperm

36
Q

Diploid

A

2n
A diploid cell has a double set of chromosomes

37
Q

Diploid number in humans

A

46

38
Q

Types of cell division

A

Mitosis (growth and repair)
Meiosis (reproduction)

39
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells
One nucleus divides to give two nuclei

40
Q

What do bacteria use mitosis for?

A

Reproduction

41
Q

The cell cycle

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

42
Q

Interphase

A

Longest part of cells life 90%
Chromosomes elongated - can’t distinguish individual chromosomes - chromatin

Cell is growing

43
Q

Early part of interphase

A

Cell is active, producing new organelles
(Mitochondria, chloroplast) and chemicals needed for growth (enzymes and other proteins)

44
Q

Later part of interphase

A

Chromosomes produce identical copies of themselves.
The doubling produces chromosomes with two identical genes

45
Q

Cells not associated with reproductive system are called…

A

Somatic cells

46
Q

Homologous pair

A

Teo chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes

47
Q

2 Metaphase

A
  • The sister chromatids line up along the equator/middle of the cell
  • Each chromosome is connected to poles by a spindle fibre connected at the centromere.
48
Q
  1. Anaphase
A
  • The spindle fibres contract and pull the sister chromatids apart toward opposite poles
  • The strands are called chromosomes at this stage
49
Q
  1. Telophase
A
  • The chromosomes elongate and revert back to chromatin.
  • The spindle fibres break down
  • A nuclear membrane is formed around each group of four chromosomes.
  • The original nucleus has now divided into two identical nuclei
50
Q

Cell division that follows immediately after mitosis:

A

Cytokinesis

51
Q

Cell division: Animal cells

A

Cytokinesis occurs in animals by a process called cleavage furrow
The cell membrane pinches inward forming a cleavage furrow which splits the cell in two

52
Q

Cell division: Plant cell

A

In plant cells vesicles gather in the area between the two nuclei to form a cell plate.
The plate forms new cell walls which are separated by a middle lamella.

53
Q

Cancer

A

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells due to damaged DNA

54
Q

Carcinogens:

A

Cancer causing agents such as cigarette smoke, radiation, uv rays, some viruses (HPV cervical cancer)

55
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each having half the number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Used to produce sperm and egg cells

Biology (41 decks)

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