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Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition definition

A

The process by which organisms obtain and use food

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2
Q

Autotroph

A

Make their own food by photosynthesis
Eg: plants

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3
Q

Heterotroph

A

Can’t make own food, eat other plants or animals
Eg: humans

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4
Q

Herbivores

A

Eat plant material only
Eg: rabbit

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5
Q

Carnivores

A

Eat other animals
Eg: foxes, lions

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6
Q

Omnivores

A

Eat both plants and animals
Eg: humans and badgers

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7
Q

Functions of food

A

Make new cells
Replace old cells
Repair cells
Defend ourselves
Help in reproduction

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8
Q

Digestion

A

Is the chemical and physical breakdown of food into soluble form, it’s necessary for transport and absorption of digested food

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9
Q

Stages in human digestion

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion

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10
Q
  1. Ingestion
A

Taking in of food into the mouth

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11
Q
  1. Digestion
A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into soluble form

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12
Q
  1. Absorption
A

The passage of the products of digestion into the blood or lymph

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13
Q
  1. Assimilation
A

The cell uses food (eg:) protein is used for growth and repair of cells

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14
Q
  1. Egestion
A

Removal of the undigested and unabsorbed material from the body

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15
Q

The mouth - physical digestion

A

Physical digestion in mouth is carried out by the teeth

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16
Q

Human Dental formula

A

2( i2/2, c1/1, pm2/2, m3/3)

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17
Q

Incisors

A

Used for cutting and biting

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18
Q

Canines

A

For tearing

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19
Q

Premolars

A

Crushing and grinding

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20
Q

Molars

A

Crushing and grinding

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21
Q

How many teeth in adults?

A

32

22
Q

The mouth - chemical digestion

A

Carried out by the enzyme amylase — produced by salivary glands

23
Q

pH of mouth

A

7-8

24
Q

Amylase optimum pH

A

7-8

25
Q

Amylase digests..

A

Starch into maltose

26
Q

The Oesophagus

A

Is made of involuntary muscle, regular contractions push food along the guy
This is called peristalsis

27
Q

Peristalsis definition

A

The alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the gut wall

28
Q

What stimulates peristalsis

A

Fibre

29
Q

Lack of fibre effect:

A

Constipation

30
Q

The stomach definition

A

A muscular bag which food remains for 2-4 hours. The wall of the stomach has gastric glands which produce HCL, enzymes and mucous.

31
Q

What do gastric glands produce

A

HCL
Mucus
Enzymes

32
Q

pH of stomach

A

2

33
Q

The stomach - physical digestion

A

Occurs when stomach churns the food
This turns food into a liquid called chyme

34
Q

The stomach - chemical digestion

A

Occurs due to the presence of protease enzymes.
The inactive enzyme pepsinogen is activated by HCL in the stomach to form Pepsin.
Pepsin digests protein into peptides

35
Q

HCL function

A

Kills bacteria and other micro organisms that may’ve been ingested with the food

36
Q

Why is the stomach not digested by pepsin of hcl?

A

Because of the protective mucous lining

37
Q

The small intestine
The Duodenum

A

C shaped structure
Digestion occurs here

38
Q

The duodenum what happens

A

Digestion occurs here
Liver produces Bile (sodium hydrogen carbonate, which neutralises pH and emulsifies fats)
Pancreas produces amylase and lipase

39
Q

The ileum
What happens here

A

Absorption of nutrients into blood

40
Q

Adaptions of ileum

A

Millions of villi increased surface are for absorption of materials
Micro villi present
Large blood supply
Only one cell thick

41
Q

Lácteas function

A

Absorbs fats, fats are transported in lymphatic system, enter blood stream at subclavian gland

42
Q

End products of digestion

A

Starch + amylase > maltose (hepatic vein)
Lipids + lipase > glycerol and fatty acids (lacteal)
Pepsinogen > pepsin + protein > amino acids (hepatic vein)

43
Q

Movement of materials by

A

Diffusion or passive transport

44
Q

Amino acids and deamination

A

Are toxic to the body the liver breaks them down into urea this is called deanination and urea goes to kidney to make urine

45
Q

Excess carbohydrates

A

Are converted to glycogen and stored in liver

46
Q

Pancreas function

A

Produces hormone insulin and a range of digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase

47
Q

Bile function

A

Formed by breakdown of red blood cells
Composed of water bile salts and pigments
Made in liver stored in gall bladder
Used to emulsify fats and neutralise acid from stomach (sodium hydrogen carbonate)

48
Q

Functions of liver

A

Breaks down poisons
Breaks down old red blood cells
Makes bile
Neutralises chyme

49
Q

Large intestine function

A

Reabsorb water and make b and k vitamins

50
Q

Symbiotic bacteria in large intestine

A

Vitamin B and K
Break down cellulose

Biology (41 decks)

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