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Biology > The Human Defence System > Flashcards

The Human Defence System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease

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2
Q

immunity

A

is the ability to resist infection

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3
Q

general defence system definition

A

acts as a barrier to all pathogens attempting to gain entry to the human body

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4
Q

1st line of general defence system

A

skin - barrier
lysozyme - enzyme found in sweat etc - bursts wall of bacteria
clotting - helps prevent pathogens getting in
mucous and cilia - in respiratory system traps pathogens
acid - in stomach and vagina kills bacteria

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5
Q

Skin

A

barrier to infection
prevents pathogens entering

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6
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme found in sweat, tears, saliva,
Attacks and dissolved the cell walls of many bacteria (bursts walls of bacteria)

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7
Q

clotting

A

prevents entry of further pathogens

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8
Q

mucous and cilia

A

in respiratory system trap pathogens and prevented from entering body.
cilia crest a current moving mucous back up so it can be swallowed

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9
Q

acid

A

stomach - hydrochloric kills pathogens

vagina - lactic acid prevents growth of pathogens

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10
Q

2nd line of general defence system

A

destroys pathogens in body

Phagocytic white blood cells - surround and destroy pathogens

Defence proteins -
interferons - produced by cells infected by viruses - prevent the multiplication of virus
complements - 20 proteins found in blood plasma activated by infection, destroy viruses

Inflammation - results in redness, heat, swelling around site of infection - increases number of white blood cells in area

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11
Q

Phagocytic white blood cells

A

• when cells are damaged by invading micro organisms they release chemicals attracting white blood cells from blood stream

• white blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria/viruses

• these are called phagocytes
• large ones are called macrophages

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12
Q

where can macrophages be

A

move around in body fluids
remain in fixed places eg: spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue eg tonsils, adenoids and appendix

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13
Q

Defence proteins

A

Complement - 20 proteins found in blood plasma, activated upon infection. destroys viruses and pathogens

Interferons - another set of defence proteins, prevent viral multiplication and help limit spread of virus infections such as colds or influenza

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14
Q

Inflammation

A

when cells are infected they release a chemical that results in blood capillaries dismaying causing localised swelling, redness and heat
brings more white blood cells to the area to fight infection

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15
Q

inflammation over the whole body?

A

causes increased body temperature/fever—— interferes with the ability of some bacteria and viruses to reproduce

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16
Q

specific defence system is also called the

A

immune system

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17
Q

specific defence system

A

attacks a particular pathogen

production of antibodies
white blood cells destroying infected cells (mono and lympho)

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18
Q

antigen

A

antigen id a foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies

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19
Q

where are antigens found

A

they’re found on the surface of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria 🦠

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20
Q

antibody

A

a protein produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response to an antigen (they inactivate antigens)

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21
Q

antibodies shape

A

they’re special Y shaped proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens

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22
Q

monocyte

A

• develop into white blood cells called macrophages which recognise antigens present on surface of pathogens

• pathogens display antigens on their membranes stimulating the production of antibodies

23
Q

lymphocytes

A
  1. attack body cells that display antigens on the surface (infected or cancer)
  2. produce antibodies
24
Q

antibodies trigger …

A

the complement system which results in pathogenic cells being burst

25
Q

induced immunity

A

the ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies

26
Q

active immunity

A

involves the production of a persons own antibodies in response to foreign antigens that enter the body

long term

27
Q

natural active immunity

A

occurs when a pathogen enters the body in a normal way (infection)

28
Q

vaccine

A

is a non disease causing dose of a pathogen which triggers the production of antibodies

29
Q

passive immunity

A

occurs when individuals are given antibodies that weee formed by another organism

30
Q

natural passive immunity

A

occurs when a child gets antibodies from its mother

31
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

occurs when a person is given an injection containing antibodies made by another organism

32
Q

immunisation

A

occurs when we produce or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen

33
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A

B
T

34
Q

b lymphocytes

A

made in bone marrow
matures in bone marrow
function: produce antibodies

35
Q

t lymphocytes

A

made in bone marrow
mature in thymus gland
doesn’t produce antibodies

36
Q

four types of T lymphocytes

A

helper T
killer T
Suppresser T
Memory T

37
Q

Helper t cell

A

recognises antigens stimulates production of killer t cell

38
Q

Killer t cell

A

kills foreign cells

39
Q

Suppressor T cell

A

switched off immune system

40
Q

Memory t cell

A

remembers the antigen

41
Q

B cells

A

recognise the antigen
produce antibodies

42
Q

After maturing in bone marrow where do b cells go

A

lymphatic tissue
spleen
lymph nodes

43
Q

B cell is adapted to

A

one specific antigen present on surface of macrophage
produces one type of antibody (plasma B cells)

44
Q

memory b cells

A

can survive years after infection is eliminated and can make specific antibody if same infection enters body

45
Q

why is B better

A

produces antibodies in response to smaller amounts of antigen
much faster
greater numbers

46
Q

S
L
C
MC
A

A

she like came
mccormack ate

47
Q

W
D
I

A

Why do i

48
Q

she like came mccormack ate

A

skin
lysozyme
clotting
mucous cilia
acid

49
Q

why do i

A

white blood cells
defence proteins
inflammation

50
Q

artificial active immunity

A

occurs when a pathogen is medically introduced into the body

51
Q

vaccination

A

is the administration of a non disease causing dose of a pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies

52
Q

what kind of cells to Killer T cells destroy

A

Human cells with viruses in them or cancer in them

not pathogens

53
Q

Plasma B cells produce…

A

antibodies

54
Q

What stimulates the B cell and helper T cell?

A

macrophage with digested pathogen showing antigen on its membrane

Biology (41 decks)

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