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LC Biology > The Human Defence System > Flashcards

The Human Defence System Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease

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2
Q

immunity

A

is the ability to resist infection

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3
Q

general defence system definition

A

acts as a barrier to all pathogens attempting to gain entry to the human body

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4
Q

1st line of general defence system

A

skin - barrier
lysozyme - enzyme found in sweat etc - bursts wall of bacteria
clotting - helps prevent pathogens getting in
mucous and cilia - in respiratory system traps pathogens
acid - in stomach and vagina kills bacteria

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5
Q

Skin

A

barrier to infection
prevents pathogens entering

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6
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme found in sweat, tears, saliva,
Attacks and dissolved the cell walls of many bacteria (bursts walls of bacteria)

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7
Q

clotting

A

prevents entry of further pathogens

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8
Q

mucous and cilia

A

in respiratory system trap pathogens and prevented from entering body.
cilia crest a current moving mucous back up so it can be swallowed

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9
Q

acid

A

stomach - hydrochloric kills pathogens

vagina - lactic acid prevents growth of pathogens

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10
Q

2nd line of general defence system

A

destroys pathogens in body

Phagocytic white blood cells - surround and destroy pathogens

Defence proteins -
interferons - produced by cells infected by viruses - prevent the multiplication of virus
complements - 20 proteins found in blood plasma activated by infection, destroy viruses

Inflammation - results in redness, heat, swelling around site of infection - increases number of white blood cells in area

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11
Q

Phagocytic white blood cells

A

• when cells are damaged by invading micro organisms they release chemicals attracting white blood cells from blood stream

• white blood cells engulf and destroy bacteria/viruses

• these are called phagocytes
• large ones are called macrophages

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12
Q

where can macrophages be

A

move around in body fluids
remain in fixed places eg: spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue eg tonsils, adenoids and appendix

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13
Q

Defence proteins

A

Complement - 20 proteins found in blood plasma, activated upon infection. destroys viruses and pathogens

Interferons - another set of defence proteins, prevent viral multiplication and help limit spread of virus infections such as colds or influenza

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14
Q

Inflammation

A

when cells are infected they release a chemical that results in blood capillaries dismaying causing localised swelling, redness and heat
brings more white blood cells to the area to fight infection

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15
Q

inflammation over the whole body?

A

causes increased body temperature/fever—— interferes with the ability of some bacteria and viruses to reproduce

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16
Q

specific defence system is also called the

A

immune system

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17
Q

specific defence system

A

attacks a particular pathogen

production of antibodies
white blood cells destroying infected cells (mono and lympho)

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18
Q

antigen

A

antigen id a foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies

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19
Q

where are antigens found

A

they’re found on the surface of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria 🦠

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20
Q

antibody

A

a protein produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response to an antigen (they inactivate antigens)

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21
Q

antibodies shape

A

they’re special Y shaped proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens

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22
Q

monocyte

A

• develop into white blood cells called macrophages which recognise antigens present on surface of pathogens

• pathogens display antigens on their membranes stimulating the production of antibodies

23
Q

lymphocytes

A
  1. attack body cells that display antigens on the surface (infected or cancer)
  2. produce antibodies
24
Q

antibodies trigger …

A

the complement system which results in pathogenic cells being burst

25
induced immunity
the ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies
26
active immunity
involves the production of a persons own antibodies in response to foreign antigens that enter the body long term
27
natural active immunity
occurs when a pathogen enters the body in a normal way (infection)
28
vaccine
is a non disease causing dose of a pathogen which triggers the production of antibodies
29
passive immunity
occurs when individuals are given antibodies that weee formed by another organism
30
natural passive immunity
occurs when a child gets antibodies from its mother
31
artificial passive immunity
occurs when a person is given an injection containing antibodies made by another organism
32
immunisation
occurs when we produce or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen
33
two types of lymphocytes
B T
34
b lymphocytes
made in bone marrow matures in bone marrow function: produce antibodies
35
t lymphocytes
made in bone marrow mature in thymus gland doesn’t produce antibodies
36
four types of T lymphocytes
helper T killer T Suppresser T Memory T
37
Helper t cell
recognises antigens stimulates production of killer t cell
38
Killer t cell
kills foreign cells
39
Suppressor T cell
switched off immune system
40
Memory t cell
remembers the antigen
41
B cells
recognise the antigen produce antibodies
42
After maturing in bone marrow where do b cells go
lymphatic tissue spleen lymph nodes
43
B cell is adapted to
one specific antigen present on surface of macrophage produces one type of antibody (plasma B cells)
44
memory b cells
can survive years after infection is eliminated and can make specific antibody if same infection enters body
45
why is B better
produces antibodies in response to smaller amounts of antigen much faster greater numbers
46
S L C MC A
she like came mccormack ate
47
W D I
Why do i
48
she like came mccormack ate
skin lysozyme clotting mucous cilia acid
49
why do i
white blood cells defence proteins inflammation
50
artificial active immunity
occurs when a pathogen is medically introduced into the body
51
vaccination
is the administration of a non disease causing dose of a pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies
52
what kind of cells to Killer T cells destroy
Human cells with viruses in them or cancer in them not pathogens
53
Plasma B cells produce…
antibodies
54
What stimulates the B cell and helper T cell?
macrophage with digested pathogen showing antigen on its membrane

LC Biology (41 decks)

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