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Biology > Enzymes + Energy Carriers > Flashcards

Enzymes + Energy Carriers Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

the sun of all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

solar energy

A

energy from the sun

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3
Q

cellular energy

A

energy stored in the bonds of biomolecules

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4
Q

enzymes : definition

A

Enzymes are catalysts made of protein, they speed up a reaction without being used up themselves in the reaction

Enzymes are biological catalysts

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5
Q

Enzyme structure

A
  • made of protein
  • 3D shape
  • folded
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6
Q

Substance enzyme acts on is a:

A

Substrate

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7
Q

Substance enzyme forms is a:

A

Product

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8
Q

Features of Enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are made of protein
  • Enzymes work because they have the correct shape to fit the substrate
  • Enzyme reactions are reversible
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9
Q

Catalyst : Definition

A

speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction

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10
Q

Catabolic Enzymes

A

Amylase
- Produced by the salivary glands in mouth and pancreas and convert starch to maltose
- When seeds germinate, the enzyme amylase converts starch in the seed to maltosez

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11
Q

Anabolic Enzymes

A
  • DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in both plants and animals that forms and repairs DNA.
    Converts simpler molecules into more complex ones
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12
Q

Anabolic: Definition

A

Join small molecules into large molecules (Eg:) Photosynthesis

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13
Q

Catabolic: Definition

A

Large molecules are broken down to small molecules (Eg:) Respiration

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14
Q

Factors affecting Enzyme Activity

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration

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15
Q

Activation energy

A

A chemical reaction needs a certain amount of energy for the reaction to happen
Enzymes lower the activation energy therefore reactions happen quicker

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16
Q

Denatured Enzyme: Definition

A

When the shape of the active site is altered/changed thus, rendering it impossible for the substrate to attach to the active site

Irreversible

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17
Q

Bio processing

A

is the use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

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18
Q

Bioreactor

A

a vessel or contain in which living cells or their products are used to make a producy

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19
Q

Temperature: Affect on enzymes

A

At low temps ice forms, liquids become solids and enzymes can’t work

As temperature increases molecules start to move and bump into each other cause the rate of reaction to increase.

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20
Q

Optimum temp: Human enzymes

A

37°C

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21
Q

Optimum temp: Plant enzymes

A

20°C - 25°C

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22
Q

Optimum Activity: Definition

A

This is when the enzyme works best or the rate of enzyme activity is at its highest

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23
Q

Temperature Experiment: Enzyme

A

Catalase (celery)

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24
Q

Temperature Experiment: Substrate

A

Hydrogen Peroxide
H2O2

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25
Q

Temperature Experiment: Product

A

H2O (water) + O2 (oxygen)

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26
Q

Temperature Experiment: How to measure rate of enzyme activity?

A

Using washing up liquid to see the bubbles/foam per minute

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27
Q

pH Experiment: Enzyme

A

Catalase

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28
Q

pH Experiment: Substrate

A

Hydrogen Peroxide
H2O2

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29
Q

pH Experiment: Product

A

H2O (water) + O2 (oxygen)

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30
Q

pH Experiment: How to measure rate of enzyme activity?

A

Washing up liquid and bubbles of oxygen after one min

31
Q

Immobilised Enzyme Experiment: Preparing Enzyme

A

Add sodium alginate to water in beaker.
Stir until smooth paste.
Add yeast to water in second beaker.
Stir.
Dissolve calcium chloride in water in large beaker.
Mix alginate and yeast.
Add drops of mixture to the calcium chloride using a syringe.
Run under tap water when ready to remove any yeast.

32
Q

Immobilised Enzyme Experiment:
Application of immobilised enzyme

A

Pour beads into a separating funnel.
Use straw etc to prevent beads from blocking funnel.
Add yeast to water and pour into second separating funnel (CONTROL).
Dissolve sucrose in water and add to both separating funnels.
Use CLINISTIX STRIPS to test for glucose

33
Q

Benefits of immobilised enzyme

A
  • They may be reused
  • They’re easy to separate from the product
  • The production process is cheaper than if free enzymes were used
  • They’re often more stable than natural enzyme
34
Q

Methods of Immobilising enzymes

A
  • Attached to each other
  • Attached to insoluble supports
  • Enclosed within a membrane or gel
35
Q

Immobilised enzyme: Definition

A

enzymes that are attached, or fixed to each other or to an inert material

36
Q

Uses of Immobilised Enzymes

A

Produce fructose (sweetener) from glucose.
Convert Penicillin to different forms.
Produce sweet-tasting sugars from lactose.

37
Q

Temperature Enzyme Experiment: Method used to vary temperature

A

Water bath on hot plate
Thermometer

38
Q

pH Enzyme Experiment: Mehod used to vary pH

A

Different pH buffers
Eg: 4, 9, 12

39
Q

SUMMARY: to test effect of temperature on rate of enzyme activity

A

Mix blended celery (catalase), hydrogen peroxide, pH buffer 9 and washing up liquid
Note volume of foam formed after two mins at different temperatures

40
Q

SUMMARY: to test effect of pH on rate of enzyme activity

A

Mix blended celery (Catalase), hydrogen peroxide, pH buffer (???) and washing up liquid

Note volume of foam formed after two mins at different pH values

41
Q

SUMMARY: Sucrase is immobilised by:

A

Mixing yeast solution with sodium alginate solution

Adding beads of the mixture to calcium chloride solution
Rinsing hardened beads in sieve

42
Q

SUMMARY: Application of immobilise enzyme is shown by:

A

Adding sucrose solution to immobilised yeast in a separating funnel
Testing for the production of glucose
Clinistix strips

43
Q

Active Site: Definition

A

The part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

44
Q

Induced fit model:

A

Substrate causes active site to change shape slightly
Enzyme and substrate for a temporary enzyme-substrate complex
Substrate is altered
Enzyme remains unchanged and active site returns to original shape

45
Q

Enzyme Specificity: Definition

A

Means that each enzyme will react will one particular substrate

46
Q

Optimum pH: Definition

A

The pH in which the enzyme works best at

47
Q

Causes of Denaturation:

A

High temperatures
pH values outside of optimum pH
Some chemicals
Radiation

48
Q

ADP
Name

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

49
Q

ATP
Name

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

50
Q

Energy Carriers: Definition

A

carry energy in cellular reactions (metabolism)

51
Q

Energy Carriers: Photosynthesis: Low Energy

A

ADP
NADP

52
Q

Energy Carriers: Photosynthesis: High energy

A

ATP
NADPH

53
Q

Energy Carriers: Respiration: Low energy

A

ADP
NAD

54
Q

Energy Carriers: Respiration: High energy

A

ATP
NADH

55
Q

ADP
Makeup

A

Made of the base adenine, 5 carbon sugar called ribose and two phosphate groups

Low energy molecule

56
Q

ATP
Makeup

A

Made of the base adenine, 5 carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups

High energy molecule due to third phosphate

57
Q

Phosphorylation: Definition

A

Addition of phosphate

58
Q

ADP + ENERGY + P = ATP + WATER

A

~~> ATP + WATER = ENERGY + P

59
Q

ATP + WATER = ADP + ENERGY + P

A

~~> ADP + ENERGY + P = ATP + WATER

60
Q

How is the energy in ATP released?

A

through the breaking of the bond of the third phosphte

61
Q

What processes are ADP and ATP used in?

A

Respiration
Photosynthesis

62
Q

NADP+

A

low energy molecule

63
Q

NADPH

A

High energy molecule

used to form glucose in photosynthesis

64
Q

When NADPH breaks down…

A

it released high energy electrons and hydrogen

65
Q

NADPH = NADP+ + 2 ELECTRONS + H+

A

NADP+ + 2 ELECTRONS + H+ = NADPH

66
Q

What process are NADP+ and NADPH used in?

A

Photosynthesis

67
Q

NAD+

A

low energy

68
Q

NADH

A

High energy

69
Q

NAD into NADH how?

A

NAD+ can combine with two high energy electrons and a proton to form NADH which is very high in energy

70
Q

What do NADH and NADPH provide for reactions in cells

A

electrons, protons and energy used by cells

71
Q

Explain the role of ATP

A

ATP is the most widely distributed high energy compound within the organism and powers virtually every activity of the call and organism
It is used to build complex molecules, contract muscles, generate electricity in nerves etc

72
Q

Describe how ATP is formed from ADP + P

A

Charging ADP to form ATP is called phosphorylation

In eukaryotes this can occur in special energy producing structures called mitochondria

73
Q

Explain the role of NADP+ in trapping and transferring electrons and hydrogen ions in cell activities

A

NADP+ can combine with two high energy electrons and a proton to form NADPH

NADPH is a very high energy molecule and this energy is used to form glucose in photosynthesis

74
Q

yeast contains what enzyme

A

sucrase

Biology (41 decks)

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