The Self in the Psychological Perspective Flashcards
Father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Who said that the self is multi-tiered/ multi-layered?
Sigmund Freud
What are the three tiers/layers of the self according to Freud?
Conscious, Preconscious & Unconscious
refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of
Conscious
contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior.
Unconscious
experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious with little effort.
Preconscious
The structure of the self:
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
The Biological Self or the Pleasure Principle
ID
The source of impulses
ID
Setting the boundary conditions for development
ID
Providing the raw materials
ID
Determined by the genetic code
ID
Pleasure seeking part of the personality
ID
Natural part of the self
ID
Animalistic nature of man
ID
Represents the basic need of man. If it is not satisfied, it could result in stress and tension. If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy. Or if properly controlled, it could bring warmth and comfort
ID
The Psychological Self or Reality Principle
EGO
The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfill the reality principle
EGO
Balances the irrational demands of ID and moral concerns of Superego
EGO
The “Manager”
EGO
Constantly tries to reconcile the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world.
EGO
The Social Self or the Idealistic Principle
SUPEREGO
The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others
SUPEREGO
What are the two parts of the superego?
conscience and ego-ideal
Tell us what is right and what is wrong
SUPEREGO
Conscience– ??
Ego-ideal– pride
guilt
Conscience– guilt
Ego-ideal– ??
pride
TRUE OR FALSE
The job of the superego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/ pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
When the scale is out of balance, it is the responsibility of the EGO to mediate the conflict between the ID and SUPEREGO.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Weak ego will lead to ANXIETY
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
To protect the ego from anxiety, we use EMOTIONAL DAMAGE
FALSE
Ways to behave or think to protect or “defend” ourselves from anxieties.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
How we distance ourselves from a full awareness of unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist while being apparent to others.
Denial
TRUE OR FALSE
One of the most common example of Denial is when drunk people say they are not yet drunk.
TRUE
It is considered one of the most primitive because it is characteristic of early childhood development.
Denial
TRUE OR FALSE
Denial is a less primitive, more mature defense mechanism
FALSE
Reversion (to revert) to an earlier stage of development when faced with unacceptable, fearful, threatening thoughts or impulses.
Regression
Ex: An adult curling up in a fetal position when feeling threatened or afraid.
Regression
TRUE OR FALSE
Regression is a primitive defense mechanism
TRUE
Performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings of the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing.
Acting Out
Ex: self-injury is expression through physical pain of what can’t be stand to feel emotionally.
Acting Out
TRUE OR FALSE
Acting Out is a primitive defense mechanism.
TRUE
A mental process of disconnecting from one’s thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity.
Dissociation
A defense mechanism where someone suppresses their thoughts and emotions.
Compartmentalization
TRUE OR FALSE
Dissociation is a mature defense mechanism.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Compartmentalization is a primitive defense mechanism.
TRUE
Misattribution of own undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses.
Projection
Ex: a spouse angry at a significant other for not listening, when in fact, it is he who is not listening.
Projection
TRUE OR FALSE
Projection is a mature defense mechanism
FALSE
Unconscious blocking of unacceptable and disturbing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.
Repression
Done unconsciously, thus, little control over it.
Repression
TRUE OR FALSE
In Repression, memories are repressed but never retrieved the same.
TRUE
Redirecting thoughts, feelings and impulses from one person or object to another who poses less threat.
Displacement
Example: Unable to express anger to the boss for fear of being fired displaces anger into others: spouse, pet, etc.
Displacement
Dealing with emotional stressors by excessive use of abstract thinking or complex explanation to control or minimize disturbing feelings.
Intellectualization
Ex: husband constructing elaborate logical explanations for wife’s recent paranoia ideas.
Intellectualization
React in a cold way focusing on the intellectual aspect only.
Intellectualization
Giving another interpretation to a situation in the face of a changing reality.
Rationalization
Ex: Suddenly being dumped by somebody she was really interested in: “I don’t care, I suspected he was a loser all along.”
Rationalization
An unconscious attempt to take back, nullify or “un-do” a thought or action that had resulted in guilt or anxiety.
Undoing
Ex: a husband who showers his wife with roses and chocolates on Valentine’s Day may be unconsciously seeking to undo a year of neglect.
Undoing
TRUE OR FALSE
Undong is a less primitive, more mature defense mechanism
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Rationalizing is a primitive defense mechanism
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Intellectualization is a mature defense mechanism
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Displacement is a less primitive, more mature defense mechanism
TRUE
Channeling of un-acceptable and potentially disruptive impulses, thoughts or emotions into socially acceptable behavior.
Sublimation
In Sublimation, it deals with stress by emphasizing the amusing or ironic aspects of the situation.
Humar
Ex: punching bag to channel anger impulses. Sports.
Sublimation
Dealing with emotional stressors by using the energy in other, usually constructive activities.
Sublimation
In Sublimation, it is channeling unacceptable feelings, thoughts or impulses into imagination.
Fantasy
Psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other areas.
Compensation
Ex: a physically unattractive adolescent starts weightlifting. Or, “I am not a fighter. I am a lover.” Napoleonic Complex.
Compensation
Tuning to others for help and support.
Affiliation
Ex: going to therapy, a support group, spiritual counsel.
Affiliation
Sharing problems with others, but not trying to make someone else responsible for them.
Affiliation
Being able to express your own opinions and needs in a respectful and firm way. Not aggressively, coercively or manipulatively.
Self-Assertion
Striking a balance between communicating passively or aggressively.
Self-Assertion
Dealing with stress by reflection on one’s thoughts, feelings, motivation and behavior– and then responding appropriately.
Self-Observation
Ex: engaging in journaling, self-exploration, therapy, bibliotherapy, etc.
Self-Observation
Dealing with stress by intentionally avoiding thinking about disturbing problems, wishes, feelings or experiences.
Suppression
Ex: Thinking about all those sweets in the staff lounge and wanting to eat them while on a diet.
Suppression
Dealing with stressors by anticipating the consequences and feelings associated with possible future events and considering realistic solutions.
Anticipation
Ex: getting old– think ahead and plan your retirement wisely!
Anticipation
When we act to promote someone else’s welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves.
Altruism
Any sort of behavior that is enacted with the intent of supporting or improving one’s individual union with others or which is connected more so with a drive to build, upkeep, and improve close individual partnerships with others.
Affiliation
TRUE OR FALSE
Affiliation is a less primitive, more mature defense mechanism
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Altruism is primitive, defense mechanism
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Anticipation is a mature defense mechanism
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Suppression is a mature defense mechanism
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Self-Observation is a mature defense mechanism
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Self-Assertion is a less primitive, more mature defense mechanism
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Affiliation is a less primitive, more mature defense mechanism
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Compensation is a mature defense mechanism
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Sublimation is a primitive defense mechanism
FALSE
Who introduced the Symbolic Interactionism
George Herbert Mead
The self is created and developed through human interaction.
Symbolic Interactionism
TRUE OR FALSE
Self-identity is formed from two parts: the I and the me.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
“me” is the socialized aspect of the person
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
“I” is the active aspect of the person
TRUE
Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique.
Imaginary Audience
In the Imaginary Audience, this refers to an adolescent’s belief that he is special, and hence invulnerable.
personal fable
Mental representation or a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals
self-concept
Who introduced the Real and Ideal Self Model?
Carl Rogers
This model states that a person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person
Real and Ideal Self
Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of ______________.
congruence.
The Self as defined by Social Comparison of Leon Festinger introduced two comparisons such as:
TEMPORAL COMPARISON & SOCIAL COMPARISON
In this comparison, you are, considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past.
Temporal Comparison
In this comparison, you are evaluating yourself in comparison to others– using others as a basis for evaluating your attributes.
Social Comparison
What are the two modes of Social Comparison?
Upward social comparison &
When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us
(a mode of social comparison)
Upward social comparison
A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward comparisons, and usually assume himself/ herself as better or equal to the “best person”
(a mode of social comparison)
Upward social comparison
Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability
(a mode of social comparison)
Upward social comparison
When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than ourselves
(a mode of social comparison)
Downward social comparison
A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this to feel better about himself/herself.
(a mode of social comparison)
Downward social comparison
Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities
(a mode of social comparison)
Downward social comparison
What are the two modes of Downward Social Comparison?
Passive downward comparison & Active downward comparison
Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in making comparison
(a mode of downward social comparison)
Passive downward comparison
Example: A low performing student comparing himself/herself with a worse off student.
(a mode of downward social comparison)
Passive downward comparison
Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning or causing harm to them
(a mode of downward social comparison)
Active downward comparison
By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person generates a situation in which the target is worse off than him/her, therefore, giving him/her the chance to make a downward comparison.
(a mode of downward social comparison)
Active downward comparison
Motivation plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-evaluation and self-enhancement.
Self as defined by Social Comparison Model
occurs when someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares himself/herself with.
Self-Evaluation or Self-Enhancement
Self-Evaluation
occurs when the person questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with.
Self-Evaluation or Self-Enhancement
Self-Enhancement
Used to describe a person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value.
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem is often seen as a personality trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring.
Self-Esteem
In other words, it refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself
Self-Esteem
A group to which an individual or another group is compared
Reference Group
According to sociologists, a ____________ is any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Reference Group
States that one’s identity must balance the need to be similar to one’s reference group with the need to be a unique individual
The Creation of Identities
States that teens often seem torn between the need to assert their own individual identity and the need to conform to their reference group
The Creation of Identities
New identities are forged in relation to work, parenthood, economic status, and aging.
The Creation of Identities
Children become aware of the need for a group identity and are often afraid or acting differently
The Creation of Identities
