The Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment Flashcards
Polish clergyman and astronomer, challenged the geocentric view of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Aristotle and Alexandrian both believed in the
Geocentric theory
Theroy that the earth revolves around the sun, which was the center of the universe
Heliocentric view
Formulated the three laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
First to discover irrefutable proof of heliocentric theory
Galileo Galilei
Accuses Galileo of meddling with dangerous subjects
Pope urban VII
Advocated an inductive method for scientific explanation
Francis bacon
Advocated a deductive method for the search for truth
Rene Descartes
Two methods resulting in the logical creation of the scientific method
Rene Descartes deductive reasoning and Francis bacons inductive reasoning
Scientists organized societies in order to
Promote the research and spread of scientific knowledge
Scientific society’s helped create
An international scientific community
Issac newtons principal combine
Keplers laws of planetary motion, Galileo’s laws of inertia an falling bodies, and newtons own conception of gravity
Groups of thinkers and writers who espoused enlightened ideas
Philosophies
Believed god was a “cosmic watchmaker” and he let the universe run on natural laws
Deists
Deism was generally embraced by
Educated elites in Western Europe and America
Deism had little appeal to many people because if its
Lack of emotion and reliance on reason
Pietism stressed beliefs of
Faith, emotion and religion in the heart
Prince of the philosophies
Voltaire
Voltaire criticized France’s
Ridged government
Voltaire denounced
Religious bigotry
Voltaire directed most of his criticism towards
Intolerance of organized Christianity, both Protestants and Catholics
“Crush the infamous thing” stated by Voltaire is directed towards
Enemies if reason and religious tolerance
Goal to bring together science, technology, mathematics, arts, an government or “all things”
Denis Diderot
Disseminated enlightened thinking across Europe and both America, undermined established authority
Encyclopedia
Attempted to create a “social science” by applying methods of natural sciences to the study of government, best represented in his “Spirit of the Laws”
Baron de Montesquieu
Montesquieu concluded that the ideal government was divided into
Executive legislative and judicial branches
Montesquieu’s ideas of separated powers were meant to
Protect the rights of individuals
Separation of powers had a great influence on
The American constitution
Presented ideas on education in the mid 18th century
Emile by jean Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau argued a ____________ should replace ridged schooling
Natural education
Rousseau argued individuals enter a social contract with
One another
Rousseau’s ideas of social contracts created a
Community or organized civil society
Rousseau beloved sovereign power of the state should lie with the
General will of the community
Rousseau distrusted reason and science and embraced
Emotions
Voltaire generally supported
Religious tolerance
Voltaire generally opposed
Superstition and ignorance
Rousseau’s ideas of education are presented in his novel
Emile
General will
Sovereign power of state lies with community
French economic reformers
Physiocrats
Physiocrats questioned
Mercantilist principles
Physiocrats argued that governments should follow a
Laissez faire policy
Laissez fair policy
Noninterference with the economy
Most influential advocate of laissez faire economics
Adam smith
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke argued that individuals enter a social contract with
Their rulers
