The Protestant Reformation

Question 1

Martin Luther’s early life

Answer 1

1483-1546
Eisleben, Saxony–son of a copper miner
Age 17 entered university of Erfurt for law (debate uni)

Question 2

Why did Luther become a monk?

Answer 2

Age 21 almost hit by lightning–tells St. Anne (patron saint of miners)”I will become a monk”. Enters Augustinian Order in Erfurt

Question 3

Life as a monk

Answer 3

Constant guilt and terror of God
transferred from Erfurt to Wittenberg in 1508
1510 goes to Rome and is shocked by immoral clergy

Question 4

What was Luther’s Revelation?

Answer 4

Passage that changed his life: Romans 1:17 “The just shall live by faith.”
Saw God’s grace and denied Catholic works

Question 5

Who is Albert of Hohenzollern

Answer 5

Double bishop who bought an archbishopric in 1517 from Pope Leo X

Question 6

95 thesis

Answer 6

Oct 31. 1517 on Wittenberg Catholic Church
95 issues of debate concerning teachings of the Church, especially indulgences
Doors of public buildings were often bulletin boards–trying to start public discussion or ask questions
Written in Latin, since other languages not suitable for academia and philosophy
Next day was All-Saints Day, church open to relics for many
Student translated text into German and sent it to university press
Printing press allowed it to spread rapidly

Question 7

What happened in 1521 as a response to the 95 Theses?

Answer 7

Diet of Worms–Charles V wants Luther to recant because princes are splitting and he needs unity for the Italian Wars
By this point Luther is excommunicated, and now he is declared an outlaw

Question 8

What happened following the Diet of Worms?

Answer 8

Since Luther isn’t safe, he is Kidnapped by Frederick III to Wartburg for 9 months–translated NT

Question 9

What political events happened following the Diet of Worms

Answer 9

The Knight’s War–Princes rejecting Rome and asserting control over lands
The Peasant Rebellion of 1525–bible doesn’t mention aristocratic power. Luther: give to Caesar… 100,000 peasants die
Luther doesn’t like these because they take away from his message

Question 10

Augsburg

Answer 10

1530 Catholics and Lutherans meet in Augsburg to heal rift
Philip Melanchthon (Luther still an outlaw) offered moderate Confession of Augsburg to prove debate, not war
Catholics demand return to church

Question 11

Result of Augsburg

Answer 11

Lutheran princes go to Schmalkalden and formed this league

Grew to include most Protestants in Europe

Question 12

Final resolution

Answer 12

The Peace of Augsburg
1555 guaranteed every prince could choose Catholicism or Lutheranism
Resulted in 30 Years’ War