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Endocrinology > The Pituitary Gland (Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland) > Flashcards

The Pituitary Gland (Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland) Flashcards

1
Q

what two organs are the ‘principal organisers of the endocrine system’

A

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

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2
Q

what connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

A

a stalk called the infundibulum

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3
Q

the anterior pituitary is a direct extension of what type of tissue

A

epithelial origin - it is considered a true endocrine gland

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4
Q

the posterior pituitary is an extension of what type of tissue

A

it is an extension of the neural tissue

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5
Q

what are trophic hormones

A

trophic hormones govern the release of another hormone

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6
Q

both the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland release trophic and non trophic hormones, true or false

A

true

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7
Q

not all hormones released by the hypothalamus are neurohormones true or false

A

false- all hormone released by the hypothalamus are neurohormones

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8
Q

all hormones released by the posterior pituitary are _________

A

neurohormones

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9
Q

all hormones released by the anterior pituitary are _________

A

classic endocrine hormones

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10
Q

what are trophic neurohormones

A

neurohormones secreted into capillaries travelling to anterior pituitary which govern release of anterior pituitary hormones

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11
Q

what are non-trophic neurohormones

A

neurohormones produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons) where they are released into BLOOD

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12
Q

what are the 5 hypothalamic “releasing hormones”

A

Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

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13
Q

what are the 2 hypothalmic “inhibiting hormones”

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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14
Q

what is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

a network of tiny vessels which transfer trophic hormones from the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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15
Q

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

via capillary portal system

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16
Q

what is the anterior pituitary also known as

A

adenohypophysis

17
Q

what is the posterior pituitary also known as

A

neurohypophysis

18
Q

the posterior pituitary stores and releases 2 peptide neurohormones what are they

A

vasopressin (ADH)

oxytocin

19
Q

where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary synthesised

A

in the magnocellular neurons

20
Q

what is the function of vasopressin

A

regulates water balance

21
Q

what triggers the release of vasopressin

A

increase in plasma osmolarity

decrease in plasma volume/blood pressure

22
Q

what are the 2 sites of action of vasopressin

A

kidney collecting ducts (increases water reabsorption)

vascular smooth muscle (increased blood pressure)

23
Q

what is the function of oxytocin

A

milk ejection and uterine contraction

24
Q

what triggers the release of oxytocin

A

labour

suckling

25
Q

what are the 2 sites of action of oxytocin

A

milk duct smooth muscle

uterine smooth muscle

26
Q

what are first degree disorders

A

those in which the defect is in the cells that secrete the hormone

27
Q

what are second degree disorders

A

those in which there is too little or too much trophic hormone from pituitary

28
Q

what are third degree disorders

A

relate to hypothalamic defects

29
Q

6 hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland (they are all peptides) what are they

A
  1. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. luteinising hormone (LH)
  5. growth hormone (GH)
  6. prolactin
30
Q

what is the only anterior pituitary hormone that isn’t a trophic hormone

A

prolactin

31
Q

what is dexamethasone

A

similar to cortisol, it acts to lower the amount of ACTH released by the pituitary which in turn lowers cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland

32
Q

what can excess cortisol cause

A

tissue breakdown
Na+ retention
insulin antagonsim

33
Q

what tests can be used to diagnose Cushings

A

24hour urine free cortisol
Dexamethasone test measuring plasma ACTH at the same time
radiology

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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