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Endocrinology > The Endocrine Pancreas 1 > Flashcards

The Endocrine Pancreas 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Glucostatic theory

A

food intake is determined by blood glucose: as [BG] increases, the drive to eat decreases

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2
Q

what is the lipostatic theory

A

food intake is determined by fat stores: as fat stores increase, the drive to eat decreases

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3
Q

what is leptin

A

Leptin is a peptide hormone released by fat stores which depresses feeding activity.

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4
Q

what is the only part of energy output we can regulate voluntarily

A

mechanical work done by skeletal muscle

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5
Q

define the term metabolism

A

integration of all biochemical reactions in the body

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6
Q

what is the absorptive state

A

After eating we enter an Absorptive State where ingested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body and excess is stored. This is an anabolic phase

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7
Q

what is the post absorptive state

A

Between meals and overnight the pool of nutrients in the plasma decreases and we enter a Post-absorptive State (aka Fasted State) where we rely on body stores to provide energy. This is a catabolic phase

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8
Q

the body MUST maintain blood glucose concentration [BG] sufficient to meet the brain’s requirements how is this done

A

BG is maintained by synthesising glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis) or amino acids (gluconeogensis)

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9
Q

what is the normal range of [BG]

A

4.2-6.3mM (5mmoles useful to remember)

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10
Q

what [BG] level is considered hypoglycaemia

A

[BG] < 3mM

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11
Q

where are insulin and glucagon produced

A

pancreas

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12
Q

the pancreas releases NaHCO3 true or false

A

true

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13
Q

what percentage of the pancreas has endocrine function

A

1% the rest operates as an exocrine gland

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14
Q

there are 4 types of ilet cells what are they

A

alpha, beta, delta and F cells

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15
Q

what do alpha cells produce

A

Glucagon

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16
Q

what do beta cells produce

A

insulin

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17
Q

what do delta cells produce

A

somatostatin

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18
Q

what do F cells produce

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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19
Q

what is the function of pancreatic polypetide

A

not known, may help control of nutrient absorption from GIT

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20
Q

what type of hormone is insulin

A

peptide

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21
Q

what is the function of insulin

A

stimulates glucose uptake by cells

22
Q

where is preproinsulin converted to proinsulin

A

in the ER

23
Q

what is the major stimulus for insulin secretion

A

blood glucose concentration

24
Q

what is the only hormone which lowers [BG]

A

insulin

25
Q

where is excess glucose stored

A

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Stored as TAG in liver and adipose tissue

26
Q

what are amino acids mainly used for

A

mainly used to make new proteins (excess converted to fat)

27
Q

what form are fatty acids stored as

A

triglycerides (TAG) in adipose tissue and liver

28
Q

B-cells have a specific type of K+ ion channel that is sensitive to the ATP within the cell, what is it called

A

K ATP channel

29
Q

what are GLUT’s

A

glucose transporter proteins

30
Q

what causes K ATP channels to close

A

the channels close when glucose enters into the cell and causes an increase in ATP within the cell

31
Q

what happens when K ATP channels close

A

intracellular K+ rises, depolarising the cell, voltage dependant ca2+ channels open and trigger insulin vesicle exocytosis into circulation

32
Q

when are K ATP channels open

A

when [BG] is low, ATP is low and K ATP channels will be open

33
Q

why is insulin not secreted when K ATP channels are open

A

as K+ ions will be flowing out hyperpolarising the cells, so voltage Ca2+ channels remain closed and insulin is not secreted

34
Q

what receptors does insulin bind to

A

tyrosine kinase receptors

35
Q

what are the insulin sensitive tissues

A

muscle and adipose tissue

36
Q

insulin stimulates the mobilization of specific glucose transporters, what are they called

A

GLUT-4

37
Q

where do GLUT-4 receptors reside

A

in the cytoplasm of unstimulated muscle and adipose tissue

38
Q

most types of tissue do NOT require insulin to take up glucose, what 2 tissues requires insulin to take up glucose

A

muscle and fat

39
Q

in tissues that don’t require insulin how is glucose taken up into the cell

A

glucose uptake is via other GLUT-transporters, which are NOT insulin-dependent

40
Q

where would you find GLUT-2 receptors

A

Beta cells of pancreas and the liver

41
Q

what glucose transporters take up glucose into the liver

A

GLUT 2 (insulin independent)

42
Q

in the fed state the liver takes up glucose why

A

glucose moves down the concentration gradient. In the fed state insulin activates hexokinase which lowers glucose concentration in the cell, so glucose moves into the cell.

43
Q

insulin increases amino acid uptake into muscle promoting protein synthesis true or flase

A

true, this is one of the additional actions of insulin

44
Q

what is insulins effect on growth hormone

A

insulin has a permissive effect on growth hormone

45
Q

how does insulin promote K+ ion entry into cells

A

by stimulating Na+/K+ ATPase

46
Q

what is the half life of insulin

A

5 mins

47
Q

where is insulin principally degraded

A

in the liver and kidneys

48
Q

once insulin action is complete what happens to insulin bound receptors

A

they are internalised by endocytosis and destroyed by insulin protease, some recycled

49
Q

what are the stimuli which increase insulin release

A

1.increased [BG], 2.increased amino acids, 3.glucagon, hormones controlling GI secretion and motility, vagal nerve activity

50
Q

what are stimuli which inhibit insulin release

A

low [BG], somatostatin(GHIH), sympathetic a2 effects, stress e.g hypoxia

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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