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Endocrinology > The Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

The Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands situated

A

the adrenal glands are situated on the superior pole of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space

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2
Q

how are the kidneys peritonised

A

retroperitoneal

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3
Q

where does the left adrenal vein drain into

A

the left renal vein

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4
Q

where does the right renal vein drain into

A

directly into the inferior vena cava

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5
Q

describe the adrenal medulla gland

A

it is a modified sympathetic ganglion

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6
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines mainly:
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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7
Q

describe the adrenal cortex

A

it is a true endocrine gland derived from mesoderm

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8
Q

what 3 classes of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids (e.g cortisol)

sex steroids (e.g testosterone)

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9
Q

what is the role of aldosterone

A

involved in the regulation of Na+ and K+

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10
Q

what is the role of cortisol

A

involved in maintaining plasma glucose

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11
Q

aldosterone and cortisol are essential for survival true or false

A

true

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12
Q

what hormone does the zona glomerulosa of the cortex produce

A

aldosterone

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13
Q

what hormones does the zona fasciculata of the cortex produce

A

glucocorticoids

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14
Q

what hormones does the zona reticularis of the cortex produce

A

sex hormones

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15
Q

what are the main products of the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol and aldosterone

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16
Q

what is DHEA

A

a pre-hormone of testosterone and oestrogen (marked decline with age)

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17
Q

defects in 21-hydroxylase is a common cause of what

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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18
Q

what does congenital adrenal hyperplasia result in

A

deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol and associated physiological dysfunction of salt and glucose balance

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19
Q

where is ACTH secreted from

A

anterior pituitary gland

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20
Q

why does a deficit in the 21-hydroxylase cause adrenal hyperplasia

A

Lack of 21-hydroxylase inhibits synthesis of cortisol.

This removes the negative feedback on ACTH and CRH release.

Increased ACTH secretion is responsible for enlargement of adrenal glands.

Negative feedback of ACTH on CRH synthesis remains.

21
Q

95% of cortisol is bound to a carrier protein, what is it called

A

cortisol binding globulin

22
Q

all nucleated cells have cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors true or false

A

true

23
Q

to diffuse into the target cell what state does a hormone have to be in

A

it has to be unbound

24
Q

where would you find steroid hormone receptors in a cell

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus

25
Q

what implications does loss of cortisol have

A

loss of cortisol means animals cannot properly deal with stress particulary in terms of maintaing blood glucose

26
Q

what protection does cortisol serve to the brain

A

Cortisol as a glucocorticoid is crucial in helping to protect the brain from hypoglycaemia.

27
Q

what hormone does cortisol have a permissive action on

A

it has a permissive action on glugacon which is vital

28
Q

what action does cortisol have on gluconeogenesis

A

Cortisol stimulates formation of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver thus enhancing gluconeogenesis and glucose production. This is aided by cortisol’s action on muscle

29
Q

what action does cortisol have on proteolysis

A

cortisol stimulates the breakdown of muscle protein to provide gluconeogenic substrates for the liver.

30
Q

what action does cortisol have on lipolysis

A

cortisol stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue which increases [FFA] plasma creating an alternative fuel supply that allows [BG] to be protected while also creating a substrate (glycerol) for gluconeogenesis

31
Q

what action does cortisol have in relation to insulin sensitivity

A

decreases insulin sensitivity of muscles and adipose tissue

32
Q

what effect does cortisol have on Ca2+ balance

A

decreases absorption of Ca2+ from the gut

increases excretion of Ca2+ from the kidney resulting in a net Ca2+ loss

increases bone resorption-osteoporosis

33
Q

what effect does cortisol have on mood

A

depression and impaired cognitive function are strongly associated with hypercortisolaemia.

34
Q

what are cortisols permissive effects on norepinephrine

A

effects vascular smooth muscle (a-receptor effect = vasoconstrictive)

Cushings disease-associated with HT

low levels of cortisol- hypotension

35
Q

what effect does cortisol have on the immune system

A

Cortisol reduces the circulating lymphocyte count, reduces antibody formation and inhibits the inflammatory response

36
Q

what are side effects of glucocorticoid therapy

A

increased severity/frequency of infection

muscle wastage

loss of percutaneous fat stores

37
Q

what type of hormone is aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid

38
Q

where does aldosterone act

A

distal tubule of the kidney to determine the levels of minerals reabsorbed/ secreted

39
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions and promotes the secretion of K+ ions.

40
Q

what controls the secretion of aldosterone

A

secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex is primarily controlled by a complex reflex pathway originating in the kidney, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

41
Q

what does increased aldosterone release stimulate

A

stimulates Na+ (and H2O) retention and K+ depletion, resulting increased blood volume and increased blood pressure

42
Q

what does decreased aldosterone stimulate

A

Decreased aldosterone leads to Na+ (and H2O) loss and increase[K+]plasma, resulting in diminished blood volume and decreased blood pressure.

43
Q

aldosterone, like cortisol, is essential for life true or false

A

true!

44
Q

what is Cushings Disease

A

hypersecretion of corisol

45
Q

what is Addisons disease

A

Hyposecretion of all adrenal steroid hormones

Due to autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

46
Q

the adrenal medulla is not true endocrine tissue what is it

A

modified sympathetic ganglion (similar to the posterior pituitary)

47
Q

what is a pheochromocytoma

A

a rare neuroendocrine tumour found in adrenal medulla

48
Q

what does a pheochromocytoma result in

A

results in XS catecholamines (see slide)

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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