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Endocrinology > Normal Growth and Clinical Aspects > Flashcards

Normal Growth and Clinical Aspects Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for somatotrophin

A

growth hormone

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2
Q

what is another name for somatostatin

A

growth hormone–inhibiting hormone

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3
Q

what is somatomedian also known as

A

IGF-1 (as it mediates growth)

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4
Q

where is growth hormone released from

A

the anterior pituitary

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5
Q

what type of hormone is growth hormone

A

peptide hormone

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6
Q

why is it not possible to use GH from animals to treat disease in humans

A

GH is species specific

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7
Q

GH will only stimulate growth under the permissive action of which two hormones

A

thyroid hormones

insulin

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8
Q

why do children with untreated hypothyroidism or poorly controlled diabetes have stunted growth despite having normal GH levels

A

as GH requires thyroid hormones or insulin to stimulate growth

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9
Q

GH achieves its effects on cell division by an intermediate, what is this intermediate called

A

IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I)

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10
Q

what secretes IGF-I

A

liver

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11
Q

what is GH effect on bone

A

GH stimulates chondrocyte precursor cells in the epiphyseal plates to differentiate into chondrocytes

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12
Q

once GH hormone has stimulated chondrocyte precursor cells what do they begin to secrete

A

IGF-I

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13
Q

what effect does IGF-I have on differentiating chondrocytes

A

stimulates differentiating chondrocytes to undergo cell division and produce cartilage (the foundation for bone growth)

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14
Q

what causes the epiphyseal plates to close during adolescence

A

plates close under the influence of sex steroid hormones

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15
Q

what are the “direct” effects of GH

A

increases gluconeogenesis by the liver

Reduces the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue

Makes adipocytes more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli.

increases muscle, liver and adipose tissue amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

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16
Q

what effect does insulin have on protein synthesis

A

increases protein synthesis

17
Q

what effect does insulin have on aa acid uptake

A

increases amino acid uptake

18
Q

what effect does insulin have on glucose uptake

A

increases glucose uptake

19
Q

what effect does GH have on protein synthesis

A

increases protein synthesis

20
Q

what effect does GH have on aa acid uptake

A

GH increases aa acid uptake

21
Q

what is GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

22
Q

what is basal [GH] in plasma

A

0-3ng/ml (in children and adults)

23
Q

what is the 24 hour mean of basal [GH] in plasma in adults

A

2-4ng/ml

24
Q

what is the 24 hour mean of basal [GH] in plasma in children

A

5-8ng/ml

25
Q

what type of hormones are GH and IGF-I

A

peptide

26
Q

how are GH and IGF-I transported in the blood

A

they are transported in the blood with a binding protein

27
Q

what percentage of GH is in the bound form

A

50%

28
Q

what are stimuli that increase GHIH (a.ka somatostatin)

A

glucose
cortisol
FFA
REM sleep

29
Q

in the foetal period and the first few months of life what factor largely controls growth

A

nutritional intake

30
Q

after the first 8 months of life what hormone becomes a predominant influence on the rate at which children grow

A

GH

31
Q

what are stimuli that increase GHRH secretion (increase GH)

A
  1. actual or potential decrease in energy supply to cells
  2. increased AA in the plasma
  3. stressful stimuli
  4. delta sleep (growth during sleep , repair in adults)
  5. oestrogens and androgens
32
Q

what is the importance of growth hormone during foetal life

A

minor, babies born deficient in GH and IGF-1 are of normal size

33
Q

how important is thyroid hormone in utero and childhood

A

essential particular in development of the nervous system

34
Q

what is cretinism

A

children are BORN hypothyroid, they have retarded growth because they have loss of TH permissive action on GH

35
Q

what will be GH levels in a person who has cretinism

A

GH levels are normal

36
Q

what is giantism

A

excess GH due to a pituitary tumour BEFORE epiphyseal plates close

37
Q

what is acromegaly

A

excess GH due to a pituitary tumour AFTER epiphyseal plates close

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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