The Endocrine Pancreas 2

Question 1

what type of hormone is glucagon

Answer 1

peptide hormone

Question 2

what cells produce glucagon

Answer 2

alpha cells of the pancreatic islets

Question 3

what is the function of glucagon

Answer 3

to raise blood glucose

Question 4

what organ does glucagon mainly work on

Answer 4

the liver

Question 5

what is the plasma half life of glucagon

Answer 5

5-10 mins

Question 6

where is glucagon mainly degraded

Answer 6

in the liver

Question 7

what hormones are part of the glucose counter-regulatory system

Answer 7

epinephrine
cortisol
GH
glucagon

Question 8

when is glucagon most active

Answer 8

in the post absorptive state

Question 9

what type of receptors are glucagon receptors

Answer 9

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 10

glucagon receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, what are they linked to

Answer 10

linked to the adenylate cyclase/cAMP system

Question 11

what is meant by the term “phosphorylate”

Answer 11

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 12

amino acids in the plasma stimulate release of both insulin and glucagon why

Answer 12

this is an adaption to adjust for the composition of a meal very high in protein and little carbs

Question 13

what are stimuli that promote glucagon release

Answer 13

1. low [BG]
2. high [amino acids]
3. sympathetic innervation and epinephrine, B2 effect
4. cortisol
5. stress e.g exercise, infection

Question 14

what are stimuli that inhibit glucagon release

Answer 14

1. glucose
2. free fatty acids and ketones
3. insulin
4. somatostatin

Question 15

what hormone stimulates muscle glycogenolysis

Answer 15

epinephrine

Question 16

what hormones stimulate liver glycogenolysis

Answer 16

glucagon

epinephrine

Question 17

what hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol
GH

Question 18

what hormones inhibit glucose uptake

Answer 18

cortisol

GH

Question 19

what hormones promote lipolysis

Answer 19

eoinephrine
cortisol
GH

Question 20

what hormone promotes protein catabolism

Answer 20

cortisol

Question 21

somatostain is a peptide hormone, what cells secrete it

Answer 21

D cells of the pancreas

Question 22

what is the main pancreatic action of somatostatin

Answer 22

main pancreatic action is to inhibit activity in the GI tract to slow down absorption of nutrients to prevent peaks in plasma concentrations

Question 23

somatostatin strongly supresses the release of both insulin and glucagon true or false

Answer 23

true

Question 24

what is somatostatin also known as

Answer 24

growth hormone -inhibiting hormone

Question 25

what does the liver convert excess fatty acids to

Answer 25

ketone bodies

Question 26

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 26

insulin dependent diabetes

Question 27

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

Answer 27

autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic B cells which destroys the ability to produce insulin and compromises the patients ability to absorb glucose from the plasma

Question 28

what is the cause of type 2 diabetes

Answer 28

peripheral tissue becomes insensitive to insulin, this is either due to an abnormal response of insulin receptors in these tissues or a reduction in their number