Pathology of Diabetes Mellitis Complications Flashcards
what cells in the pancreas secrete insulin
Beta cells
what proportion of the islet do beta cells comprise
beta cells comprise 2/3 of the islet cells
what are Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules
molecules that help T cells recognise self from non-self
what is the cause of type 1 diabetes
body cannot distinguish own cells from other cells. This results in an autoimmune attack on pancreatic B cells, insulin production is decreased
what is the cause of type 2 diabetes
combination of:
reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance)
inability to secrete very high levels of insulin
why does decreased insulin receptor sensitivity occur in type 2 diabetes
as there are increased free fatty acids though it is not clear why the fatty acids interfere with the insulin receptor pathway
in a person with central adiposity the pancreas has to secrete more ______ to move glucose into cells
insulin
if a person has peripheral insulin resistance (but not diabetes yet) how does their body keep glucose levels normal
pancreas has to produce more insulin
what is the main complication of DM
damage to vessels due to prolonged poor glycaemic control
DM accelerates atherosclerosis true or false
true
how does DM accelerate atherosclerosis
glucose attaches to LDL
glucose molecules stop LDL from binding its receptor tightly
therefore LDL is not removed by liver cells
this results in hyperlipidaemia and in turn atherosclerosis
what is another term for the basal lamina of a vessel
the basement membrane
what surrounds the basal lamina of a vessel
smooth muscle cells
what is arteriolar disease also known as
hyaline change
what is it called when glucoses are added to proteins
glycosylation
