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Endocrinology > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

what factors influence height

A

age, sex, race, nutrition
parental heights
general health
emotional well being

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2
Q

what are the most important pubertal stages

A

breast budding (Tanner stage B2)

testicular enlargement

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3
Q

what are the pathological causes of short stature

A 
undernutrition
chronic illness
iatrogenic
psychological & social 
hormonal 
syndromes
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4
Q

what is growth hormone deficiency

A

where the pituitary gland does not produce enough GH

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5
Q

who does Turner syndrome effect

A

girls

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6
Q

what is Turner syndrome

A

genetic condition where a girl only has 1 normal X sex chromosome rather than 2

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7
Q

what are the main 2 symptoms of Turner syndrome

A

underdeveloped ovaries

short stature

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8
Q

what are physical features of Turners syndrome

A

webbed neck
drooping eyelids
low set ears
abnormal bone development

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9
Q

what is Noonans syndrome

A

autosomal dominant genetic condition

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10
Q

what are features of Noonan syndrome

A

unusual facial features, short stature, heart defects, bleeding problems, skeletal malformations

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11
Q

what is “constitutional delay in growth and puberty”

A

a temporary delay in the skeletal growth and thus height of a child with no physical abnormalities causing the delay

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12
Q

after what age is puberty considered delayed in boys

A

after 14 years

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13
Q

at what age is puberty considered delayed in girls

A

after 13 years

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14
Q

what is Klinefelter syndrome

A

is a set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary feature is sterility.

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15
Q

what is the HPG axis

A

The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity

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16
Q

what is infantile thelarche

A

is enlargement of the breasts in infant girls this happens around the age of 2/3 years old and goes down before puberty

17
Q

what is adrenarche

A

it means “the awakening of the adrenal gland.” The adrenal gland is responsible for making hormones including androgens—sex hormones that cause changes such as the development of pubic hair, oily skin, oily hair and body odor

18
Q

what is precocious pseudopuberty

A

partial pubertal development that results from autonomous (gonadotropin-independent) production of testosterone in a prepubertal boy

19
Q

what is central precocious puberty

A

where puberty starts too soon. Usually below the age of 8 in girls and below 9 in boys

20
Q

what are the signs of central precocious puberty

A

breast development in girls
testicular enlargement in boys
growth spurt
advanced bone age

21
Q

what is the treatment for central precocious puberty

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

22
Q

what are gonadotrophins

A

hormones occurring in vertebrates that are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and that act on the gonads (i.e., the ovaries or testes)

23
Q

what is an adrenal crisis

A

occurs when there is not enough cortisol in the body

24
Q

what condition is important to exclude in a newborn with ambiguous genitalia

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

25
Q

what is congenital hypothyroisism

A

is inadequate thyroid hormone production in newborn infants

26
Q

what is the most common cause of aquired hypothyroidism

A

autoimmune thyroiditis

27
Q

what is Leptin

A

Leptin the “satiety hormone”, is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger

28
Q

if a childs finger prick glucose test has a result of >11 mmol what should you do

A

urgent specialist help

29
Q

what are the 4T’s of diabetes in children

A

thirsty
tired
thinner
toilet more

30
Q

what symptoms should be looked for in children under 5 that could indicate diabetes

A 
heavier nappies
blurred vision
candidiasis (oral, blurred)
recurring skin infections
irritability
31
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

A 
N&V
abdominal pain
"ketotic breath"
drowsiness
"sighing" respiration 
coma
32
Q

what test should be preformed immediately if DKA is suspected

A

finger prick capillary blood glucose test

Endocrinology (25 decks)

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