Growth and Development Flashcards
what factors influence height
age, sex, race, nutrition
parental heights
general health
emotional well being
what are the most important pubertal stages
breast budding (Tanner stage B2)
testicular enlargement
what are the pathological causes of short stature
undernutrition chronic illness iatrogenic psychological & social hormonal syndromes
what is growth hormone deficiency
where the pituitary gland does not produce enough GH
who does Turner syndrome effect
girls
what is Turner syndrome
genetic condition where a girl only has 1 normal X sex chromosome rather than 2
what are the main 2 symptoms of Turner syndrome
underdeveloped ovaries
short stature
what are physical features of Turners syndrome
webbed neck
drooping eyelids
low set ears
abnormal bone development
what is Noonans syndrome
autosomal dominant genetic condition
what are features of Noonan syndrome
unusual facial features, short stature, heart defects, bleeding problems, skeletal malformations
what is “constitutional delay in growth and puberty”
a temporary delay in the skeletal growth and thus height of a child with no physical abnormalities causing the delay
after what age is puberty considered delayed in boys
after 14 years
at what age is puberty considered delayed in girls
after 13 years
what is Klinefelter syndrome
is a set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary feature is sterility.
what is the HPG axis
The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity
what is infantile thelarche
is enlargement of the breasts in infant girls this happens around the age of 2/3 years old and goes down before puberty
what is adrenarche
it means “the awakening of the adrenal gland.” The adrenal gland is responsible for making hormones including androgens—sex hormones that cause changes such as the development of pubic hair, oily skin, oily hair and body odor
what is precocious pseudopuberty
partial pubertal development that results from autonomous (gonadotropin-independent) production of testosterone in a prepubertal boy
what is central precocious puberty
where puberty starts too soon. Usually below the age of 8 in girls and below 9 in boys
what are the signs of central precocious puberty
breast development in girls
testicular enlargement in boys
growth spurt
advanced bone age
what is the treatment for central precocious puberty
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
what are gonadotrophins
hormones occurring in vertebrates that are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and that act on the gonads (i.e., the ovaries or testes)
what is an adrenal crisis
occurs when there is not enough cortisol in the body
what condition is important to exclude in a newborn with ambiguous genitalia
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
what is congenital hypothyroisism
is inadequate thyroid hormone production in newborn infants
what is the most common cause of aquired hypothyroidism
autoimmune thyroiditis
what is Leptin
Leptin the “satiety hormone”, is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger
if a childs finger prick glucose test has a result of >11 mmol what should you do
urgent specialist help
what are the 4T’s of diabetes in children
thirsty
tired
thinner
toilet more
what symptoms should be looked for in children under 5 that could indicate diabetes
heavier nappies blurred vision candidiasis (oral, blurred) recurring skin infections irritability
what are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis
N&V abdominal pain "ketotic breath" drowsiness "sighing" respiration coma
what test should be preformed immediately if DKA is suspected
finger prick capillary blood glucose test
