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BRS > The peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

The peripheral nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

The somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

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2
Q

How can the autonomic nervous system be divided?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

What are autonomic nerves also know as?

A

Visceral nerves

Visceral afferent carry info. from viscera - sensory

Visceral efferent are sympathetic (innervate viscera and periphery) or parasympathetic (viscera only)

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4
Q

What do the peripheral nerves include?

A

12 cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

How can somatic nerves be divided?

A

Somatic afferent- sensory neurones

Somatic efferent- motor neurones

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6
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

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7
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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8
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of cell bodies outside of the CNS

All afferent Have their cell bodies in spinal ganglia

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9
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Collection of cell bodies in the CNS

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10
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Network of interconnecting nerves

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue in a peripheral nerve?

A

Epineurium- outermost layer, surrounds nerve

Perineurium- surrounds bundle of neurones (fascicles)

Endoneureum- surrounds neurone

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12
Q

How are peripheral nerves classified?

A

Based on conduction velocity (A, B or C with A the fastest)

Based on diameter (Roman numerals with I being largest)

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13
Q

Label the following and state what a leision at each letter would cause

A

V: loss of sensation in dermatome supplied by spinal nerve

W: weakness of muscle supplied by spinal nerve

X: combines effect of V and W

Y: loss of sensation in area supplies by that peripheral nerve

Z: weakness/ paralysis of muscle

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14
Q

What is most often a consequence of strain injury?

A

Spinal root and spinal nerve damage

E.g. herniated disk

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15
Q

What kind of injury can affect peripheral nerves?

A

Trauma or disease

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16
Q

What kind of injury can affect the brachial plexus?

A

Trauma to shoulder joint

17
Q

How can sensory receptors be classified?

A

External

Exteroceptors: detect pain, temperature, touch and pressure

Internal

Proprioceptors: detect movement and joint position

Enteroceptors: detect movement through gut and blood pH

18
Q

What are the different detection sensory receptors and what do they detect?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors- molecules binding to receptor
  2. Photoreceptor- light
  3. Thermoreceptor- temperature
  4. Mechanoreceptors- channel opening
  5. Nociceptors- pain
19
Q

Where are proprioceptors found?

A

Found in joints, muscles and interface between muscles and bones in golgi tendon organs

20
Q

What are different types of proprioceptors and what do they detect?

A

Muscle spindles: detect changes in muscle length

Golgi tendon organs: detect changes in tension in tendon

Joint receptors: found in joint capsules, detect start and end of movement

21
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Specialised synspase between motor neurone and muscle fibre

22
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Single motor neurone and al the muscles it innervates

23
Q

How does a reflex work?

A
  1. Muscle spindle activated
  2. AP sent via afferent nerve towards spinal cord. Signal synapses onto LMN nerve
  3. LMN becomes active which contracts muscle

At the same time other interneurones inhibit the antagonistic muscle

24
Q

What is lumbar spinal radiculopathy?

A

Also known as sciatica

L5 and S1 involved

25
Q

What are causes of sciatica?

A

Narrowing of intervertebral formaina where nerve emerges (formainal stenosis)

Compression from herniated disk

Slippage of vertebrae (spondylolisthesis)

Maliganancy (metatstaic bone disease)

Arthritis

Bone growth

Piriformis syndrome (nerves compressed by contraction of piriformis muscle)

26
Q

What are treatment options for sciatica?

A

Pain killers

Exercise and stretching

Epidural injection- delivered into caudal part of spine

Decompression surgery/ discectomy

27
Q

How can you confirm a diagnosis of sciatica?

A

Straight leg raise test

test stretches the sciatic nerve

BRS (60 decks)

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