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BRS > Cardiovascular disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of the body- weakened heart muscle because its dilated
Theres usually an underlying cause- e.g. ischaemia, myopathy, hypertension, valve disease

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2
Q

What is preserved ejection fraction?

A

EF >/= 50% and theres reduced diastolic function

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3
Q

what is reduced ejection fraction?

A

EF>/= 40% and theres reduced systolic function

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4
Q

What are signs and symptoms of heart failure?

A

Exertional dyspnoea

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5
Q

What tests are carried out to diagnose heart failure?

A

blood test: elevated brain natrieuretic peptide (BNP)

Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly

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6
Q

What is treatment for heart failure?

A

Drugs that reduce exertion pressure on the heart

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7
Q

How does heart failure appear on an ECG?

A

Large QRS complex due to increased muscle mass causing increased electrical current

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8
Q

What are atrial arrhythmia?

A 
Atrial fibrillation (AF): disorganised electric activity and contraction 
Wolf- Parkinson-White (WPW): syndrome causing tachycardia and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance
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9
Q

What is the pathology of AF and WPW?

A

AF: uncoordinated activity from pacemaker cells which have developed outside SA and AV node- prevents smooth transition of electrical current from SA to AV node

WPW: theres an accessory pathway preventing current from going through AV node alone

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10
Q

What causes AF and WPW?

A

AF: spontaneously active cells through atria
WPW: additional accessory pathways (bundle of Kent) between atria and ventricles

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11
Q

What are signs and symptoms of atrial fibrillation?

A

Palpitations and chest pains

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12
Q

How does AF and WPW present on an ECG?

A

AF: absent P wave and irregularly irregular rhythm
WPW: QRS complex pre-excitation and biphasic/inverted T wave of ECG

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13
Q

What is treatment for AF and WPW?

A

AF: strategies to maintain sinus (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arythmies, catheter ablation)
WPW: benign, no treatment required

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14
Q

What is conduction block?

A

First degree block: slowing down of conduction through AV node
Second degree block: reduced transmission of signal from aorta to ventricles
Third degree block: complete block of current from atria to ventricles

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15
Q

How does conduction block present on an ECG?

A

First degree block: increased P-R interval
Second degree block: increased P-R interval or missing QRS complex
Third degree block: P wave not followed by QRS complex

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16
Q

What is treatment of conductance block?

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

17
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Clinical BP >/= 140/90 mmHg and ambulatory daytime average 135/85 mmHg
Hypertension increases risk of stroke, heart failure and myocardial infarction and kidney disease

18
Q

What are underlying causes of hypertension?

A

Primary is unknown

Secondary: results from another medical condition (e.g. kidney disease, adrenal disease)

19
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed?

A

BP measurement

20
Q

How is hypertension treated?

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medication

21
Q

What are examples acute coronary syndromes?

A

Angina: chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis
Non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI): serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

22
Q

What are underlying causes of acute coronary syndromes?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and complete artery blockage (STEMI)

23
Q

What are signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome?

A

Angina: chest pain on exertion or at rest
NSTEMI: chest pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting
STEMI: radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea, vomitting

24
Q

How does a STEMI and NSTEMI present on an ECG and in blood tests?

A

NSTEMI: S-T depression/ no changes and high troponin levels
STEMI: S-T elevation with reciprocal S-T depression and high troponin levels

25
Q

What is treatment for acute coronary syndrome?

A

Angina: vasodilators
NSTEMI: coronary stents, anti-platelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen and analgesia
STEMI: coronary stent, anti-platelet, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen and analgesia

26
Q

What happens at each point of the ECG?

A

P wave: electrical signal begins at SA node and travels to right and left atria causing them to contract and pump blood into ventricles
End of P to begin of Q: electrical signal passes from atria to ventricles through AV node- ventricles fill
QRS: Signal goes from AV node along bundle of his and his branches- ventricles contract
T: Ventricles recover to normal electric state. Muscles relax and stop contracting allowing atria to fill

BRS (60 decks)

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