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BRS > The central nervous system > Flashcards

The central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

Forebrain- composed of central hemispheres and diencephalon

Midbrain

Hindbrain- composed of medulla, pons and cerebellum

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2
Q

What does the limbic lobe contain?

A

Amagdyla

Hippocampus

Mamillary body

Cingulate cortex

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3
Q

What is the role of the limbic lobe?

A

Associated with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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4
Q

Where is the insular cortex located?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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5
Q

What is the insular cortex concerned with?

A

Visceral sensation

Autonomic control

Interoception

Auditory processing

Visual- vestibular integration

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6
Q

What is the cerebrum also known as?

A

The cerebral cortex

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7
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons forming tracts

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8
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Cell bodies of neurones

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9
Q

What is lamina?

A

A layer of neurones

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10
Q

Label the following

A
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11
Q

What is brown sequard syndrome?

A

Caused by hemisection of spinal cord (damage to one half)

Leads to loss of function below injury

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12
Q

What are symptoms of brown sequard syndrome?

A

Spinothalamic tract on contraleteral side (opposite) interruped so loss of pain and temperature in that leg

Dorsal tract on ipsilateral side interupted so loss of proprioception, touch and vibration

Corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side interupted so paralysis below leison

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13
Q

How is the spinal cord arranged?

A

8 pairs cervical

12 pairs thoracic

5 pairs lumbar

5 pairs sacral

1 pair coccygeal

Nerves are in pairs: 1 left and 1 right

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14
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge?

A

Emege through invertebral foramina

C1- C7 emerge above vertibrae

C8- Co1 emerge below vertibrae

No C8 vertibrae but C8 nerve

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15
Q

Where can enlargements be found along the spinal cord?

A

Enlargement in cervical due to increased innervation from upper limbs

Englargment in lumbar region due to increased innervation of lower limbs

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16
Q

What descending tracts are there?

A

Corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

17
Q

What is the corticospinal tract responsible for?

A

Voluntary movement

18
Q

How is the corticospinal tract structured?

A

Motor corticospinal tract has 2 neurones:

Upper motor neurones- housed in primary motor cortex

Lower motor neurones- housed in brainstem (if going to head and neck) or spinal cord (if going to trunk or limbs)

Tract on lateral side of the spinal cord is called the lateral corticospinal tract

19
Q

What journey does the lateral corticospinal tract take?

A

Fibres cross in the medulla from one motor cortex to opposite side of the cord- pyrimidal decussate

Theres tracts in both hemespheres- these form lateral corticospinal tracts which come from opposite hemispheres

20
Q

How is the corticospinal tract divided?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract supplies limb muscles

Anterior corticospinal tract: supplies trunk muscles

21
Q

What are the ascending tracts?

A

Dorsal column

Spinothalamic tract

22
Q

What is the dorsal colum responsible for?

A

Fine touch, vibrations, propriception

23
Q

What are the 2 types of fibres found in the dorsal column?

A

Gracile tract: carries fibres from lower limbs ipsilaterally- lateral part of dorsal column

Cuneate tract: carries fibres from upper limbs ipsilaterally- medial part of dorsal column

24
Q

What journey do first order neurones in the dorsal column take?

A

Sensory neurones in the dorsal root ganglia send afferent fibres via gracile or cuneate pathway

Fibres enter the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathway

First synapse of gracile tract is gracile nucleus

First synapse of cuneate tract is cuneate nucleus

These synapses are located in the lower medulla and is where first order neurones meet second order neurones

25
Q

What journey do second order neurones take in the dorsal colum tract?

A

Second order neurones cross in the caudal medulla to form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract

These synapse in the thalamus where they meet the third order neurone

26
Q

What journey do third order neurones take in the dorsal colum tract?

A

These are found in the ventral nuclear group in the thalamus

Fibres ascend to primary somatosensory cortex

27
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract: pain and temperature

Anterior spinothalamic tract: crude touch

28
Q

What journey do first order neurones take in the spinothalamic?

A

Neurones origionate in dorsal root ganglia

They synapse onto second order neurones

29
Q

What journey do second order neurones take in the spinothalamic tract?

A

These are found in the posterior horn

They decussate immediately in the spinal cord to form the contralateral spinothalamic tract

They terminate in the thalamus where they synapse at the ventroposteriorlateral nucleus

30
Q

What journey do third order neurones take in the spinothalamic tract?

A

These project through the internal capsule to the somatosensory cortex

31
Q

What is the responsibility of the corticobular tract?

A

Movement of extraoccular muscles, muscles of mastication, muscles of facial expression, muscles of tongue

32
Q

What are the 2 fibres of the corticobular tract?

A

Upper motor neurones: in primary motor cortex

Lower motor neurones: in brainstem in nuclei of cranial nerve (CN 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12 )

33
Q

What jouney does the corticobulbar tract take?

A

UMNs go from primary motor cortex to brainstem where thay can do the following:

  1. Terminate directly onto alpha motor neurones or interneurones and innervate neurones in the brainstem
  2. Can dessucate in the brainstem and synapse with LMNs to innervate contralateral motor CNs
  3. Can synapse with LMNs ad innervate ipsilateral CNs (not dessucate)
  4. Can innervate CNs via corticospinal tract
34
Q

How are fibres organised as they descend?

A

Tracts that are descending are likely to be bundled together

As the tract descends it forms the internal capsule

35
Q

What are examples of brainstem motor tracts?

A

Verstibulospinal: provides info. about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

Tectospinal: orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

Reticulospinal: control of breathing and emotional motor function

Rubrospinal: innervates LMNs of upper limb

BRS (60 decks)

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