Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What is dorsal?

Answer 1

Towards back (horizontally)

Superior (brain)

Question 2

What is ventral?

Answer 2

Towards front (horizontally)

Inferior (brain)

Question 3

Whta is rostral?

Answer 3

Towards head (spine)

Anterior (brain)

Question 4

What is caudal?

Answer 4

Towards end of spinal cord (spine)

Posterior (brain)

Question 5

What planes are these?

Answer 5

Question 6

How is the nervous system divided?

Answer 6

Central nervous system : brain and spinal ord

Peripheral nervous system: nerves that origionate from CNS

Question 7

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 7

Neurones concerned with detecting changes in external environment

Voluntary

Question 8

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 8

Made up of neurones which detect changes in viscera and central activity of the viscera (viscera = internal organs)

Non- voluntary

Divided into sympathetic and parasympathtic nervous system

Question 9

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

Answer 9

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, secretory glands

Question 10

What are afferent neurones?

Answer 10

Carry information from peripheral receptors to CNS

If information reaches conciousness theyre called sensory neurones

Question 11

What are efferent neurones?

Answer 11

Carry impulses away from CNS

If they innervate skeletal muscle they’re also called motor neurones

Question 12

What are interneurones?

Answer 12

Vast majority of neurones

Located within the CNS

Question 13

What is grey matter?

Answer 13

Regions enriched with cell bodies

Question 14

What is white matter?

Answer 14

Regions which contain mostly nerve processes which are often myelinated

Question 15

What are nuclei?

Answer 15

Regions with nerve cell bodies with similar anatomical connections

Nerve processes sharing common connections and functions tend to run in pathways or tracts

Question 16

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

Thick layer of brain tissue folded to increase surface area

This forms gyri (a ridge) and sulci (a groove)

Question 17

What is a foramen?

Answer 17

An opening- can see more gyri and sulci in it

Question 18

Label the following

Answer 18

Lateral sulcus also known as sylvian fissure

Question 19

What can be found at the precentral gyrus?

Answer 19

Primry motor cortex- electrical stimulation of this area leads to movement of muscle groups on other side of body

Question 20

What can be found at the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 20

Primary sensory cortex- responsible for processing somatic sensations on oposite side of the body

Question 21

What is the role of broca’s area?

Answer 21

Responsible for speech production

Leison of this area leads to inability to produce speech but comprehension remains

Question 22

What is the role of wernike’s area?

Answer 22

Responsible for comprehension of writen and spoken language

Lesion of this area means they can make sentences but they have no meaning (random words in a sentence)

Question 23

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Answer 23

Dura Mater: divided into periosteal (top) and meningeal (bottom). Thick and inelastic

Arachnoid mater: thin and elastic. Has spiderlike projections

Pia Mater: very thin and delicate

Question 24

What is found between unfused periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater?

Answer 24

Forms dural venous sinuses

Question 25

What space is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

Answer 25

Subdural space

Question 26

What space is found between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

Answer 26

Subarachnoid space This is where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates

Question 27

What do the 2 layers of the dura mater come together to form?

Answer 27

Falx cerebri Divides the 2 hemespheres of the brain

Question 28

What divides the cerebellum from the occipital lobe?

Answer 28

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 29

What is the most significant bood vessel that supplies the meninges?

Answer 29

Middle meningeal artery Branches of the maxillary artery

Question 30

What supplies blood to the brain?

Answer 30

Internal carotid arteries (80%) and vertebral arteries (20%) They form the circle of willis at base of brain

Question 31

Label the following

Answer 31

Question 32

What is the space between the dura of the spinal cord and the bone of the vertebral column called?

Answer 32

Epidural space Anesthesia and analgesics can be administered here

Question 33

Where can CSF be drawn from?

Answer 33

Lumbar cistern The dura mater and arachnoid mater extend several vertebrae below end of spinal cord creating a CSF fluid dilled area with no spinal cord

Question 34

What does the anterior communicating artery supply?

Answer 34

Middle and superior parts of frontal lobe and anterior parietal lobe

Question 35

What does the posterior communication artery supply?

Answer 35

Supplies medial thalamic surface and walls of 3rd ventricle

Question 36

What deos the basilar artery supply?

Answer 36

Directly supplies the brainstem and cerebellum and provides distal flow to thalami and medial temporal and parietal lobes

Question 37

What does the vertebral artery supply?

Answer 37

Supplies posterior fossa and occipital lobes and provides vertebral column blood supply

Question 38

What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

Answer 38

Provides blood flow to cerebellum

Question 39

What are the ventricles?

Answer 39

A communicating network of cavities filled with CSF

Question 40

What are the lateral ventricles?

Answer 40

Right and left Has 3 lateral horns (inferior [temporal], anterior [frontal], posterior [occipital]) Related to the cerebral hemesphere

Question 41

What is the foramen of monroe?

Answer 41

Connects lateral and 3rd ventricle

Question 42

What is the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 42

Narrow cavity of diencephalon

Question 43

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

Answer 43

Connects 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle Related to the midbrain

Question 44

What is the 4th ventricle?

Answer 44

Fastigium is extension of ventricle into cerebellum Floor of ventricle is called rhomboid fossa Laterall recess is extension of ventricle on dorsal inferior cerebellar penduncle Related to pons and medulla

Question 45

What is the lateral foramen of Luschka?

Answer 45

Coonects 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space

Question 46

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 46

Composed of left and right hempeshere which are joined by corpus callosum

Question 47

What is the midbrain?

Answer 47

Top most part of brainstem Made up of 3 parts: colliculi, tegmentum and cerebral penduncles

Question 48

What makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 48

Hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 49

Label the following

Answer 49

Question 50

Label the following

Answer 50

Question 51

What is CSF?

Answer 51

Clear, colouless fluid that surrounds the brain forming a protective layer Fluid reduces strain forces like gravity on brain It removes toxins and regulates the extracellular environement of neurones

Question 52

What happens if CSF circulation is blocked or is abnormally excessive?

Answer 52

Leads to increassed stress and expansion of ventricles This is know as hydrocephalus- can be life threatening

Question 53

Label the following

Answer 53

A: anterior cerebral artery B: middle cerebral artery C: posterior cerebral artery

Question 54

What is the role of the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 54

Supplies motor cortex for foot

Question 55

What is the role of the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 55

Supplies most cortexes Motor cortex for face and arm Sensory cortex for arm Broca's and wernicke's area

Question 56

What is the role of the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 56

Supplies primary visual cortex