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Israel, the Arab World and the Palestinians > The Oslo Accords > Flashcards

The Oslo Accords Flashcards

1
Q

Which Israeli president was involved in the Madrid Conference?

A

Likud’s Shamir

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2
Q

What did Shamir argue was the main sticking point at Madrid?

A

Not territory but Arab denial of Israel’s right to exist

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3
Q

Which UN resolution calls for Israel’s withdrawal to 1967 borders?

A

UN Resolution 242

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4
Q

How did Israel interpret 242 at Madrid?

A

Requirement to leave occupied territories not THE Occupied Territories

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5
Q

Who was excluded from the Madrid Negotiations and why?

A

PLO - supported Iraq

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6
Q

Who represented Palestinians at Madrid?

A

Delegation of WB/G Palestinians as part of Jordanian joint delegation

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7
Q

Who argues that Israel preferred to negotiate with Arafat than hardline Palestinians from the OPT?

A

Guyatt

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8
Q

Which three Israeli figures were responsible for the decision to hold direct talks with the PLO?

A

Peres, Rabin, Beilin (foreign minister)

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9
Q

Who has argued that Beilin, an extreme dove, was the “real architect behind the Israeli recognition of the PLO”?

A

Shlaim

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10
Q

What approach taken by the Palestinian delegates left the Palestinian position extremely vulnerable?

A

Acceptance of Israeli jargon of flexibility and mutuality - claims left to mercy of interpretation and Israeli good intentions

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11
Q

What percentage of the vote had Rabin received in 1992?

A

47%

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12
Q

What was crucial to Rabin’s electability?

A

Military man - could talk convincingly about security, unlike Peres etc.

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13
Q

Who led the backchannel agreements?

A

Israeli academics and PLO members

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14
Q

What had the backchannel negotiations begun as?

A

Discussions over economic cooperation

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15
Q

Name an important Palestinian figure involved in the backchannel talks

A

Abu Alla

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16
Q

Which five evaluations led to Rabin’s conversion to the idea of a deal with the Palestinians?

A

Failure to achieve deal with Syria; neutralisation of local Palestinian leadership; Arafat’s weak position; alarming growth of political Islam; impressive progress through Oslo channel

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17
Q

When was the Declaration of Principles signed?

A

August/September 1993

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18
Q

Who has criticised the fact that the PLO negotiated with limited expertise?

A

Khalidi

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19
Q

How has Shlaim described the Declaration of Principles?

A

Agenda for negotiations, governed by tight timetable, rather than full blown agreement

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20
Q

Who argues that the Declaration of Principles contained many statements of goodwill and intent?

A

Guyatt

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21
Q

Who favoured the delayed discussion approach?

A

Israel - wanted to postpone discussion of final settlement issues, contrasting with official Palestinian line taken in Washington

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22
Q

Over which matters would the PA have autonomy?

A

Civil matters including education, health, tourism, social welfare

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23
Q

What was to happen 9 months after the Declaration of Principles?

A

Elections for Palestinian Council, to be responsible for most government factions except defence and foreign affairs

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24
Q

Why does Shlaim argue ‘final status’ issues including refugees, were postponed?

A

Because if these issues had been addressed there would have been no accord

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25
Q

What is the essence of Oslo, if not the creation of a Palestinian state?

A

Power-sharing agreement that does not create independent political unit

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26
Q

What is more interesting than considering ‘real intentions’ and plans?

A

Dynamics driving a process - privileging of plans and intentions as if individuals can really influence the course of history

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27
Q

What did Rabin really want?

A

Jordanian-Palestinian confederation

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28
Q

Which Arab states were dissatisfied by Oslo and why?

A

Jordan, Syria, Lebanon - dismayed by solo diplomacy violating Arab pledges

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29
Q

Name a contemporary Palestinian supporter of Oslo and what they said about the agreement

A

Nabil Shaath - ‘complete parity’

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30
Q

Why did some Palestinians (most?) support Oslo at the time?

A

Peaceful substitute for existing status quo - gradual and rational solution to pave the way for cooperation and coexistence. Impossible to turn back.

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31
Q

Who argued that oslo was the second biggest victory in the history of Zionism?

A

Amos Oz

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32
Q

What does Guyatt argue about Israeli debates on Oslo?

A

That degree of debate/contention was in fact not so big - question of presentation above all - little difference in views on Jerusalem, settlements, etc.

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33
Q

What was one core Likud-Labour consensus, as identified by Pappe?

A

1948 off limits topic

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34
Q

In polls, how many were ‘very against’ the peace deal?

A

13%

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35
Q

Who, on the Israeli side, was bitter about being excluded from the talks?

A

IDF officers - bitter about not being consulted about security implications

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36
Q

How easily was a majority achieved in favour of the deal on the PLO’s Exec Committee?

A

With difficulty - only after brushing battle and resignation of 4 colleagues

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37
Q

When did Hamas/IJ launch terrorist operations?

A

Feb-March 1996

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38
Q

Who argues that the 1996 terrorist attacks were more the bitter outcome of a struggle within Hamas over whether to support/oppose PA?

A

Usher

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39
Q

What does Beilin argue about P/I right-wing opposition?

A

Aimed at the frustration and destruction of the peace process

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40
Q

To what does Roy attribute the rise in Hamas’s popularity in this period?

A

Context of one of the greatest failures of the Palestinian leadership in this period - abandonment and denigration of own people

41
Q

Opposition from whom was more surprising/concerning, according to Shlaim?

A

Intellectuals and mainstream political figures e.g. Kaddoumi, Said, Darwish

42
Q

What were the two main camps of Palestinian criticism?

A

Regarding Arafat’s dictatorial and secretive style of management, and regarding substance of the deal - no promise of Palestinian state

43
Q

Into what does Said argue Arafat transformed the PLO?

A

“Small town government”

44
Q

Finish the quote by Said: “The deal before us smacks of…”

A

“the PLO leaderships exhaustion and isolation and of Israel’s shrewdness”.

45
Q

Who argues that it is easy to be clever in hindsight about Oslo’s failure?

A

Guyatt

46
Q

What does Shlaim argue about Oslo’s failure?

A

Not doomed from the start - failed because Likud, Israel, reneged on its side of the deal. Also by resorting to violence, Palestinians contributed to breakdown of trust. Settlement construction most fundamental cause of breakdown of trust/momentum.

47
Q

What did Peres say in 1994 reflecting one of the reasons why Oslo failed?

A

“From our point of view, it is not really a negotiation of I’ve and take, because the PLO can give very little to Israel”

48
Q

What does Pappe argue was the only genuinely irreversible and significant aspect of the deal?

A

Mutual recognition - humanising.

49
Q

On what does Pappe disagree with Said?

A

Argues that it an Israeli peace, not an American peace - “The Oslo agreement is a wholly Israeli formula. There is nothing Palestinian in it”

50
Q

Who argues that Oslo was signifiant in curbing the rise of Hamas?

A

Beilin

51
Q

What does Levine argue about the failure of Oslo?

A

Failed because terms of, ideologies underlying, and history made it impossible to fulfil stated goal of comprehensive peace/justice. Damage done by Israeli policies in 1990s backdrop to failure but not inherent cause.

52
Q

What does Levine argue was one of the singular achievements of Oslo?

A

Dissolution of political life and decline of ideology and Palestinian nationalist consciousness that allowed Occupation to endure while making it seem like its continuation was the result of Palestinian failures/intransigence

53
Q

Who attributes part of the blame for the failure of Oslo to Palestinian and Israeli intellectuals? Why?

A

Maddy-Weizmann - failure to discuss the Israeli-Jewish ‘Other’ to constituents whilst Israeli academics have failed to show how the framework of Oslo was being undermined by developments on the ground

54
Q

To what historic agreement did Said compare the Oslo accord?

A

Palestinian Versailles - an instrument of Palestinian surrender

55
Q

When did Said compare himself to a prophet?

A

2001

56
Q

Which other Palestinian commentator/academic warned or predicted that Oslo would lead to chaos?

A

Shehadah

57
Q

What did Shahadah argue was the damaging legacy of Oslo?

A

Rising materialism of new elite; international funding; sapping spirits of voluntarism

58
Q

Which Palestinian MK criticised Oslo? Why?

A

Bishara - brought demise of PLO and ended idea of real two state solution. Depended on one party’s commitment and the other’s interpretation of it. Regulated by balance of power not relative justice.

59
Q

What two problems did Giacaman identify?

A

Nature of PA and its relation to society; agreement with Israel and pressures it imposes on PA, hindering development of process of democratisation

60
Q

How big was the majority in the Knesset which supported Oslo I and II?

A

1

61
Q

What did Bibi call the Oslo Accord?

A

“Surrender agreement”, “national humiliation”

62
Q

When did Peres lose the Israeli elections?

A

May 1996

63
Q

How did Barak approach CD, according to Shlaim?

A

Extension of war by other means

64
Q

What two committees were created to negotiate the implementation of Oslo?

A

One to deal with military affairs and one with transfer of authority

65
Q

What does Shlaim argue Israel wanted to do at Taba?

A

Repackage rather than end military occupation

66
Q

When was Oslo II signed and where?

A

1995 - Taba (hence ‘Taba Agreement’)

67
Q

What did the Palestinians hope to achieve with Oslo II?

A

Early, extensive transfer of power to enable laying foundations of independent state

68
Q

Who was especially influential on the Cairo Agreement?

A

IDF - stressed security

69
Q

When was the Cairo Agreement? What is it otherwise known as?

A

1994 - Gaza-Jericho Agreement

70
Q

What was one main sticking point of the Cairo Agreement?

A

Israeli Occupation laws and military orders remained in force unless amended or abrogated by mutual agreement - Palestinians wanted international law to regulate area

71
Q

What changes ensued owing to Oslo II/Taba?

A

Provided for elections of Palestinian council and transfer of legislative authority to it; territorial division into three zones

72
Q

After Oslo II, what % of the WB/ was under exclusive Palestinian control?

A

4%

73
Q

What was a key significant aspect of Oslo II?

A

In accepting division of Wb according to its provisions, Arafat accepted the legitimacy of settlements

74
Q

How many kilometres of bypass roads had been built in the 1990s?

A

250 miles

75
Q

How can Barak’s approach to CD be summarised?

A

“Peace by ultimatum”

76
Q

What has Roy said about the impact of Oslo for Palestinians?

A

“That Oslo proved damaging to Palestinian life is an understatement”

77
Q

What had been Rabin’s pet project?

A

Settler-only bypass roads

78
Q

From what to what did the settler population grow between 1993-2001?

A

110,000 to 220,000

79
Q

Why was the continued expansion and construction of settlements not contrary to terms of Oslo, if contrary to its spirit?

A

Expansion not prohibited; Israeli interpretation excluded Jerusalem

80
Q

How many acres of Palestinian land were confiscated between 1993-2000?

A

40,000

81
Q

What was one key component of Oslo never implemented?

A

Gaza-West Bank Convoy Route

82
Q

How much of the West Bank was ‘area c’ (Israel-only)?

A

75%

83
Q

What does Brown argue has been a major struggle for Palestinians in the 1990s?

A

How to build a Palestinian polity as detached as possible from context of ongoing struggle with Israel

84
Q

How have Palestinians tried to ground their state rather than Oslo?

A

Slightly different terminology e.g. PA not PNA, PLC not PC. Virtual state.

85
Q

What is symbolic of Israel’s entry into the global order?

A

McDonalds!

86
Q

What neoliberal changes occurred in Israel in this period?

A

State-Centred economy liberalised and Histadrut dismantled. Change from labour intensive industries to high-tech, capital intensive

87
Q

What was privatised in Israel?

A

Toll roads, health system

88
Q

What agreement delineated the economic aspect of Oslo?

A

1994 Paris Protocol on Economic Regulation

89
Q

Who argues that the PA’s fiscal situation was better than it would have otherwise been in the 1990s?

A

Brown

90
Q

What does Roy identify as the most damaging measure shaping local economic conditions in the Oslo period?

A

Closure policy - sealed off from Israel , external markets - goods and people

91
Q

How many migrant workers are there in Israel in 1990 and 2001?

A

16,000 to 240,000

92
Q

How many Soviet immigrants arrive in Israel between 1989-2008?

A

1.2m

93
Q

What percentage of Soviet migrants are employed in science or academia?

A

24%

94
Q

What percentage of Israelis are now Soviets?

A

15%

95
Q

What elements of the World Bank’s recipe for economic growth can be seen in the 1990s?

A

No Palestinian currency but single customs area - no economic borders. No guarantees of labour market integration. Tax-free industrial zones in border areas.

96
Q

What happened to Palestinian GDP in the 1990s?

A

Almost halved

97
Q

What two agreements reflect the need to concede territory to the PLO, under American pressure?

A

Hebron Protocol (1997) and Wye Rrver Memorandum (1998)

98
Q

From what % of land did Israel withdraw according to Wye River?

A

13%

Israel, the Arab World and the Palestinians (18 decks)

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