Jewish Yishuv: Immigration and Insurgency Flashcards
How many Zionists were in the British Army?
30,000
Who initiated the creation of Arab and German units in the British Army? What did these become the founding nucleus of?
Moshe Dayan. Palmach.
When was the Stern Gang established?
1943
When did the Stern Gang/Etzel declare war?
February 1944
How many members were in the Stern Gang?
600, 200 of which fought
Whose murder alienated the British from the Zionists?
Lord Moyne - close friend of Churchill’s
How many were smuggled in on illegal boats?
20,000
How many arrived with legal permits in the heyday of the Mandate?
40,000
Under pressure to do more than facilitate illegal immigration, what was created in 1945 by the Jewish Agency? How long did it last? Why was it dismantled?
Joint military venture between Haganah and Lehi. 8 months. After King David Hotel attack.
What military operation did the British carry out in 1946 against Jewish terrorists? How many were arrested? What was it called? Why did it fail?
Operation Agatha. 3000. Black Sabbath. Lexi and Irgun cells buried deep underground in urban areas.
What was the name of the British officer who murdered a young Zionist?
Farran - propaganda gift to Jewish underground
What period was key in the establishment of a distinct, separate Jewish population? Why?
1930s. Huge number of immigrants- overwhelmed earlier tendencies and identities.
What does Tessler argue happened to the Yishuv between the two world wars?
Expanded and matured, increased in size and efficiency. Created most of the social and political institutions that would later serve as the independent state. Time when Zionism changes from proposition to more feasible reality.
In 1939, what fraction of immigrants were illegal?
2/4 - 11,000
How does Wasserstein describe the conflict between the Zionists and British over immigration?
“Almost a war within a war”
How many migrants arrived between 1930-1939?
250,000
How many immigrated after the White Paper? How many were legal?
140,000. 75,000 based on WP quota
What does Shapira argue developed with the coming of age of the Palestinian-Jewish generation?
“Offensive ethos”
Who argues that the physical conquest was accompanied by a parallel emotional conquest?
Alma
What percentage of Jews were urban?
80%
What put restrictions on where jews could buy land, dividing Palestine into Zones A and B?
1940 Land Transfers Regulations - land sales forbidden in Zone A, which included jerusalem and Hebron mountains. Strictly controlled in Zone B.
When was the Histadrut established?
1920
What percentage of education institutions in the Hebrew system were associated with the Histadrut by the mid 1930s?
44%
Who argues that the Histadrut was important to economic expansion?
Lacquer
Who sold their produce through the Histadrut? What did this ensure?
Kibbutzim - effective function and separation from Arab majority
What was the biggest bank in Palestine by the 1930s, 2nd only to Barclays? What did it become?
Anglo-Palestine Banking Company. Bank Leumi.
What coastal communities were established in line with the expansion of the citrus industry in the coastal plain?
Herzliya, Benyamina, Netanya
How much was invested in 1919-36? What was significant about this? Where did 80% of it come from?
$350-400m - money coming in outnumbered that going out. Private sources.
When was there a severe crisis in the Hebrew economyy, prompting 1/3 of incoming migrants to leave?
1923
What was the British response to struggles in the Hebrew economy?
Protective tariffs, removal of duties on Jewish imports (Smith).
What kind of British legislation favoured zionist production?
Agricultural loans through cooperative credit societies, for example
Who argue that the Arab economy grew substantially in this period, but much more slowly than the jewish economy? Why?
Metzer and Kaplan - dualistic features of trade and their growth - not politics
What three types of schools operated in Jewish society?
Labour Zionism; General Zionist (Right and Centre); ultra-Orthodox
When was Hebrew U established?
1925
How many schools were there by 1934?
300
What did the Stern Gang become?
Lehi
When was the Haganah established? How did Lacquer describe?
- Working class militia
What does Morris argue was the most important wartime development?
Palmach
After what event did Weizmann threaten to resign?
Night of the Bridges (1946)
When was a separate Jewish division established in the British Army? Who’s suggestion was it?
Originally Weizmann’s. 1944.
Who argues there was a complementary purpose served by Zionist service in the British Army?
Mardor
How many pistols and rifles did the Haganah possess by 1942-3?
12,000 and 18,000
What became the Knesset?
Assembly of Delegates - framework for interaction among political parties and political organisations
Who has stressed the ideological heterogeneity of the Jewish World?
Tessler
By when had the Labour Zionist movement taken over and assumed power?
1935
Who argues there was a pact f sorts between older and new generations in the 1930s and 1940s, leading to a harder line vs. Arabs? “Shift from workers to soldiers”
Ben-Eilezer
When was the Biltmore Conference?
1942
What was the purpose of the Biltmore Conference?
Fundraising and political activism on the behalf of Zionism
What did the Biltmore Conference conclude/call for?
Jewish Agency control of immigration; opening of Palestine to Zionism. Establishment of a Jewish commonwealth.
Who makes the point that Arabs are excluded from the Biltmore Program?
Shapira - Arab Question void - no compromise formulas, not possible
What distinct national ethos/moral guiding principles has Shapira identified?
Offensive vs. defensive (post-1942 dominant).
