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Israel, the Arab World and the Palestinians > Arab Revolt > Flashcards

Arab Revolt Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of stamps were issued during the Arab Revolt? What is interesting about them?

A

Stamps to raise funds - Dome of the Rock, Holy Sepulchre, etc. - ‘Palestine for the Arabs’. // Map not political - no Naqab, includes Jordanian territories - reflects that movement was unclear about what it wanted to achieve

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2
Q

What term by Hobsbawm can be used to describe early resistance by Arabs?

A

“Primitive Rebellion” - seeking redress, return to status quo

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3
Q

Who argues that historians have tended to overestimate the effects of interrelate rivalries on the evolution of nationalism?

A

Gelvin

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4
Q

Who argues that Assam’s death prompted the revolt?

A

Nimr

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5
Q

What does Gelvin argue about Qassam’s legacy?

A

Emerged as champion of marginalised and dispossessed, symbol of resistance. Funeral largest in Palestinian history

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6
Q

Who argues that the appearance of new Arab militants, including Istiqlal party, were key to influencing Palestinian opinion? What did they demand?

A

Kimmerling - Non-cooperation

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7
Q

When was there key unrest in 1930s before Revolt?

A

1931 - General strike, political demonstrations, violent exchanges

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8
Q

When was the Istiqlal Party formally formed?

A

1932

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9
Q

Who argues that the Mufti had limited control over the revolt?

A

Bowden

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10
Q

Who argues that the rebellion “laid bare the deep rifts in Palestinian society, which ultimately rendered it weak and ineffective”?

A

Morris

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11
Q

What contributed to eating away at traditional, stabilising and clan-centred social fabric in the 1930s?

A

‘Dry years’ of early 1930s which precipitated influx of villagers to towns

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12
Q

What were the names of Husseini and Nashashibi’s parties?

A

Husseini: Palestine Arab Party. Nashashibi: National Defence Party

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13
Q

Where was the Mufti’s reputation better than in some areas, e.g. Central Highland?

A

Galilee

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14
Q

What does Swedenburg’s study reveal about religious differences?

A

Underemphasised by interviewees but may be retrospective - by 1980s, nationalism more secular

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15
Q

Who argues there were Muslim-Christian tensions in the revolt?

A

Portal

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16
Q

What evidence is there for religious divisions in the revolt?

A

1938 - peasants made Christian women veil.

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17
Q

What does Mattar argue about who dominated and led the revolt?

A

Argues Istiqlal were a more influential political entity than the Mufti or strike committees

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18
Q

Who suggests that the revolt lasted so long owing to social cohesion?

A

Kayyali

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19
Q

Who was appointed Mayor of Jerusalem in 1920?

A

Nashashibi

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20
Q

Who makes a direct comparison between the Revolt and First Intifada? Who does he argue led the revolt?

A

Morris. Shabab.

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21
Q

Who was ‘The Opposition’?

A

Fakir and Raghib Nashashibi

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22
Q

Who had rejected the rebellion on economic grounds, thinking it would harm the Palestinian economy?

A

Taha, citrus grower in Haifa

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23
Q

From where was a middle class, conservative challenge used?

A

Nablus

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24
Q

Who was not represented in early days of the Revolt and why?

A

Agrarian workers esp. - not represented in AHC or local national committees - lead taken by urban activists.

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25
Q

What percentage of elites participated in the revolt, according to Kimmerling?

A

9%, 5% directed military operations

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26
Q

According to Stein, what % of Arabs killed were killed by other Arabs?

A

16%

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27
Q

What percentage of the British airforce was sent to Palestine and how many men fought, according to Rose?

A

40%; 20,000.

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28
Q

How did Sakakini describe the early days of the rebellion in his diary?

A

Life or death struggle

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29
Q

How was the revolt self-identified from the outset?

A

Thawra - revolt - Great Arab Rebellion

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30
Q

How did interviewers generally explain their participation in Swedenberg’s study?

A

Nation/homeland - being given away with collaboration of British

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31
Q

How does Nimr describe the General Strike?

A

Declaration of civil disobedience - refusal to pay taxes, boycott of all official bodies

32
Q

Where and when was the first National Committee formed?

A

Nablus, April 19

33
Q

What did the AHC call for?

A

End to Zionist immigration and land transfers, and allow popularly elected legislature - warned of armed struggle

34
Q

Who argues that the AHC and NCs had a hand in setting up rural bands and financing/supplying them?

A

Morris

35
Q

What suggests that the strike was not very effective?

A

Haifa port continued to function, and railways.

36
Q

What does Morris conclude about the significance of the revolt?

A

Most significant demonstration of Palestinian-Arab nationalist feeling

37
Q

What was unsatisfactory about the Peel Commission?

A

Partition; population transfer of Arabs from Galilee continued British presence (not truly independent - would have been attached to Transjordan). Jews received 1/5 but most of coastal plain and Gailee. Enclave in British hands included Jerusalem and other significant cities.

38
Q

Who called for an end to the strike in September?

A

Filastin - citrus crop

39
Q

To what did the British cut the monthly quota of immigrants?

A

4,500 to 1,800

40
Q

When was partition rejected and when did violence resume?

A

July 1937 - September

41
Q

How many Palestinians were deported to the Seychelles?

A

200

42
Q

How many Palestinians and Jews were killed?

A

3000; 400.

43
Q

What does Kelly argue about the brutality of British tactics?

A

So extreme and widespread that they were as much a cause as response to violence

44
Q

How many homes were destroyed in Jaffa?

A

220

45
Q

How did the government indirectly facilitate ‘incitement’ in rural areas?

A

By exiling urban rebels to the countryside

46
Q

How many supernumerary Jewish policemen were recruited and armed in the early phase of the revolt?

A

2,700

47
Q

When was a ‘hardline’ approach taken? What was the international context?

A

1938 - Munich Agreement offered some respite and new HC MacMichael replaced Wauchope.

48
Q

What were some of the new policies adopted by the British during the ‘hardline’ period?

A

Arabs forced to carry IDF cards; collective punishments; 17 battalions; curtailment of orange exports.

49
Q

When were there Irgun bombs?

A

1937-8

50
Q

Why does Morris argue the revolt collapsed?

A

Enlarged British military presence and its vigorous operations - resulted in physical destruction of rebel bands, alienation of rural population. Violent split in Arab camp.

51
Q

How many urban elite does Morris suggest fled?

A

30,000

52
Q

What does Nimr argue that rebels had in the beginning phase of the revolt?

A

Common national, political and economic objectives - hence successful mobilisation of public support

53
Q

What city was in rebel hands for three months in 1938?

A

Beersheba

54
Q

Who did not think Britain’s response was harsh enough?

A

Permanent Mandates Commission

55
Q

How does Khalidi suggest the revolt can be seen as a success?

A

No armed revolt of colonised successful in interwar years achieving full national independence. General Strike the longest anti-colonial strike of its kind until that point in history.

56
Q

What key commander died during the revolt?

A

al-Hajj Muhammed

57
Q

What does Cohen argue defined the revolt by the end?

A

Corruption and crime

58
Q

What suggests that there were religious divisions during the revolt?

A

1936 leaflet called Christians violators of national interest.

59
Q

What does Morris argue was the impact on the Yishuv?

A

“Propelled the Jewish sector in the direction of autarky”

60
Q

What two prominent families collaborated with the Zionists?

A

Dajani and Nashashibi clans

61
Q

To whom did F. Nashashibi have ties?

A

Elyashar of Jerusalem’s Jewish Committee. University together in Beirut.

62
Q

When did the Nashashibis leave the AHC?

A

July 1937

63
Q

How does Morris describe the N-H conflict?

A

“Low key civil war within a revolt”

64
Q

What three key decisions did collaborators make?

A

To not join the rebellion; to wage military campaign against rebels/H; to accept aid and provide assistance to Zionists

65
Q

To what does Cohen attribute the Nashashibis decision to collaborate?

A

Personal mortal danger and threat of political extinction

66
Q

At which battle did Nashashibi defeat H?

A

Battle of Bani Na’im

67
Q

What provoked the Abu Ghosh’s collaboration?

A

Assassination of Yusuf Abu Ghosh. Revenge. Also own interests - village rebels had attempted to overturn social order, attacking former AG masters

68
Q

What mayors supported Nashashibi?

A

Of Jaffa, Gaza, Bethlehem

69
Q

Why was the legitimacy of the national leadership relatively fragile?

A

Not based on mass participation, party or organisation - loyalty and patronage

70
Q

What was the name given to those elites who collaborated in anger at the rise of rebels from lower classes?

A

“Aristocratic bandits”

71
Q

What does Cohen argue was the relationship between the Zionists and Druze in this period?

A

Druze strengthened ties to Zionists to point to collaboration

72
Q

What were the implications of labelling the violence a ‘pogrom’?

A

At once belittled phenomenon; demonised Arabs, comforted Jews (didn’t have to admit they were facing a national movement)

73
Q

What fraction of attacks were on Jews and their property?

A

1/4 - Kimmerling

74
Q

Who argues that the revolt dismantled Palestinian civil society, taking it decades to rebuild?

A

Schanzer

75
Q

What does Nimr argue is the significance of the revolt for Palestinian collective memory?

A

First organise armed resistance; first grassroots movement; forced Britain to re-occupy; involved majority

76
Q

Who argued that “perhaps no event has been more momentous in Palestinian history than the Great Arab Revolt”?

A

Kimmerling

77
Q

What does Kimmerling argue was the impact on Palestinian society?

A

“Muted cultural revolution” - e.g. adoption of keffiyeh instead of fez, tarbush.

Israel, the Arab World and the Palestinians (18 decks)

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