1948 And Refugees Flashcards
How did Arab nationalists write about the nakba in the 1950s?
Sought to elicit historical lessons and motivate radical change in preparation for best stage in war
What does khalidi argue the Palestinian national narrative needs to focus on?
Factors that do not absolve Palestinians of responsibility
Who has drawn comparisons between Arab and Israeli narratives, particularly the fact that it’s based more on collective memory than scholarly, critical historiography?
Sela
What has resulted in a conflation of history writing and patriotism?
Burden of legitimising national actions
What is one big distinction that Bar-On has identified in p/I narratives?
Different periodisation and conceptions of time - tendency to begin with acts of aggression but Palestinians begin their narratives with 19th C
Who criticises the title “new historians” and why?
Gelber - implies objectivity and open-mindedness. Also not accessed all sources. Condemns them for their double simplicity in absolving Palestinians of responsibility and focusing blame on Israel
Who points to the continued difficulty of bridging the two narratives and the futility of this in light of the I going propaganda war?
Bar-on
Name some historians who agree that palestine’s Arab population largely refrained from hostilities?
Karsh, tal, Morris, Pappe, Cohen
Who argues the British cooperated with the Yishuv?
Shlaim, Pappe, Golani
When did te Yishuv not have the upper hand?
March and May 1948
Who argues that Arab invasion did not seek to destroy the Jewish state but rather protect Arab society in palestineV
Gelber, tal, Pappe
Who blames the meddling of Arab States for the carnage that ensued?
Elon
To what do some pro Zionist fighters compare the bravery of Jewish soldiers in 1948?
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Elon
What do Shlaim and Rogan argue about the conduct of Arab States?
Shouldn’t be surprised they fought on national terms - feared internal stability. Didn’t want troops under another state’s command
Why does gelber attribute some of the blame to the Palestinians?
Failure in civil war stage to establish central political, financial, administrative and military facilities - hence rapid implosion. Many had no experience of national war
Who argues the British could have stopped the Zionist onslaught had they wanted to?
Gelber
Where did the British intervene?
Jaffa
What apparent advantage did the Palestinians have beyond numerical superiority?
Presence of 100s of villages all over the land including along strategic roads; cadre of veteran guerrilla fighters
Who focuses in Palestinian factionalism in his explanation for the Palestinians’ defeat?
Benvenisti
Where did people refuse to fight?
Beit Jibrin, Lydda, Ramla
Who had non aggression pacts?
Lifta and Abu Ghosh but also DY
Where did some villagers surrender?
Some East of Afula, Druze villages in western galilee
Who distinguishes between the creation of refugees in the first and second phases of the war?
Gelber - mostly voluntary in first phase - prior restraint disappeared in second
Whose study of the Druze identified a special relationship which undermined Morris’s argument that massacres and atrocities and expulsion was random?
Parsons
Whose oral histories challenged Morris’s explanation for the exodus, instead pointing to systematic campaign of depopulation?
Esber
Who argues that plan Dalet was an operative war plan that gave licence to expel but that this was not its aim?
Tal and Morris
Who argues Plan D was a defensive plan to protect the Yishuv?
Gelber
When was Plan D formulated?
Early March 1948
What areas were cleared of Palestinians owing to Plan D?
Villages around Jerusalem corridor, around coastal plains and Mishear ha’emek
What percentage of the villages assessed by Morris were depopulated due to direct Jewish attack?
85%
Where did BG personally give expulsion ordersV
Ramle, Lydda, Nazareth
Who argues that the zionists were careful to not leave behind incriminating evidence, esp of personal responsibility?
Masalha
How many massacres in the period 1948-9 have been identified by Yitzakhi?
10 major, 100 minor
Where does it look like there was a pattern of actions/expulsions?
Galilee
Who conducted a study on the experience of the nakba in galilee?
Nazal
When was the Deir Yasin massacre? How many died?
9 April. Between 120-254
What suggests haganah complicity in DY?
Complicity or knowledge - backing of haganah’s commander of Jerusalem, who broke non-aggression agreement and also provided artillery cover
How many Arabs had the Peel Commission suggested moving out of the lowlands?
225,00
What did BG say in 1938?
“I support compulsory transfer. I don’t see in it anything immoral”
Who argues there was a direct casual link between earlier thinking on Transfer and 1948 actions?
Masalha
What euphemisms were used to describe ethnic cleansing?
Population exchange, population transfer, Arab return to Arabia
What is one newly identified massacre/incident of ethnic cleansing?
Buraryr, north of Beersheba
Who discredited the argument that Arabs fled because they were told to?
Khalidi and Childers
Where were leaflets distributed warning the village had been mined and thus not to return?
El Manara, galilee (Nazzal)
How many had fled Palestine during the revolt?
25,000 (gelber)
