1948 And Refugees

Question 1

How did Arab nationalists write about the nakba in the 1950s?

Answer 1

Sought to elicit historical lessons and motivate radical change in preparation for best stage in war

Question 2

What does khalidi argue the Palestinian national narrative needs to focus on?

Answer 2

Factors that do not absolve Palestinians of responsibility

Question 3

Who has drawn comparisons between Arab and Israeli narratives, particularly the fact that it’s based more on collective memory than scholarly, critical historiography?

Answer 3

Sela

Question 4

What has resulted in a conflation of history writing and patriotism?

Answer 4

Burden of legitimising national actions

Question 5

What is one big distinction that Bar-On has identified in p/I narratives?

Answer 5

Different periodisation and conceptions of time - tendency to begin with acts of aggression but Palestinians begin their narratives with 19th C

Question 6

Who criticises the title “new historians” and why?

Answer 6

Gelber - implies objectivity and open-mindedness. Also not accessed all sources. Condemns them for their double simplicity in absolving Palestinians of responsibility and focusing blame on Israel

Question 7

Who points to the continued difficulty of bridging the two narratives and the futility of this in light of the I going propaganda war?

Answer 7

Bar-on

Question 8

Name some historians who agree that palestine’s Arab population largely refrained from hostilities?

Answer 8

Karsh, tal, Morris, Pappe, Cohen

Question 9

Who argues the British cooperated with the Yishuv?

Answer 9

Shlaim, Pappe, Golani

Question 10

When did te Yishuv not have the upper hand?

Answer 10

March and May 1948

Question 11

Who argues that Arab invasion did not seek to destroy the Jewish state but rather protect Arab society in palestineV

Answer 11

Gelber, tal, Pappe

Question 12

Who blames the meddling of Arab States for the carnage that ensued?

Answer 12

Elon

Question 13

To what do some pro Zionist fighters compare the bravery of Jewish soldiers in 1948?

Answer 13

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Elon

Question 14

What do Shlaim and Rogan argue about the conduct of Arab States?

Answer 14

Shouldn’t be surprised they fought on national terms - feared internal stability. Didn’t want troops under another state’s command

Question 15

Why does gelber attribute some of the blame to the Palestinians?

Answer 15

Failure in civil war stage to establish central political, financial, administrative and military facilities - hence rapid implosion. Many had no experience of national war

Question 16

Who argues the British could have stopped the Zionist onslaught had they wanted to?

Answer 16

Gelber

Question 17

Where did the British intervene?

Answer 17

Jaffa

Question 18

What apparent advantage did the Palestinians have beyond numerical superiority?

Answer 18

Presence of 100s of villages all over the land including along strategic roads; cadre of veteran guerrilla fighters

Question 19

Who focuses in Palestinian factionalism in his explanation for the Palestinians’ defeat?

Answer 19

Benvenisti

Question 20

Where did people refuse to fight?

Answer 20

Beit Jibrin, Lydda, Ramla

Question 21

Who had non aggression pacts?

Answer 21

Lifta and Abu Ghosh but also DY

Question 22

Where did some villagers surrender?

Answer 22

Some East of Afula, Druze villages in western galilee

Question 23

Who distinguishes between the creation of refugees in the first and second phases of the war?

Answer 23

Gelber - mostly voluntary in first phase - prior restraint disappeared in second

Question 24

Whose study of the Druze identified a special relationship which undermined Morris’s argument that massacres and atrocities and expulsion was random?

Answer 24

Parsons

Question 25

Whose oral histories challenged Morris’s explanation for the exodus, instead pointing to systematic campaign of depopulation?

Answer 25

Esber

Question 26

Who argues that plan Dalet was an operative war plan that gave licence to expel but that this was not its aim?

Answer 26

Tal and Morris

Question 27

Who argues Plan D was a defensive plan to protect the Yishuv?

Answer 27

Gelber

Question 28

When was Plan D formulated?

Answer 28

Early March 1948

Question 29

What areas were cleared of Palestinians owing to Plan D?

Answer 29

Villages around Jerusalem corridor, around coastal plains and Mishear ha’emek

Question 30

What percentage of the villages assessed by Morris were depopulated due to direct Jewish attack?

Answer 30

85%

Question 31

Where did BG personally give expulsion ordersV

Answer 31

Ramle, Lydda, Nazareth

Question 32

Who argues that the zionists were careful to not leave behind incriminating evidence, esp of personal responsibility?

Answer 32

Masalha

Question 33

How many massacres in the period 1948-9 have been identified by Yitzakhi?

Answer 33

10 major, 100 minor

Question 34

Where does it look like there was a pattern of actions/expulsions?

Answer 34

Galilee

Question 35

Who conducted a study on the experience of the nakba in galilee?

Answer 35

Nazal

Question 36

When was the Deir Yasin massacre? How many died?

Answer 36

9 April. Between 120-254

Question 37

What suggests haganah complicity in DY?

Answer 37

Complicity or knowledge - backing of haganah’s commander of Jerusalem, who broke non-aggression agreement and also provided artillery cover

Question 38

How many Arabs had the Peel Commission suggested moving out of the lowlands?

Answer 38

225,00

Question 39

What did BG say in 1938?

Answer 39

“I support compulsory transfer. I don’t see in it anything immoral”

Question 40

Who argues there was a direct casual link between earlier thinking on Transfer and 1948 actions?

Answer 40

Masalha

Question 41

What euphemisms were used to describe ethnic cleansing?

Answer 41

Population exchange, population transfer, Arab return to Arabia

Question 42

What is one newly identified massacre/incident of ethnic cleansing?

Answer 42

Buraryr, north of Beersheba

Question 43

Who discredited the argument that Arabs fled because they were told to?

Answer 43

Khalidi and Childers

Question 44

Where were leaflets distributed warning the village had been mined and thus not to return?

Answer 44

El Manara, galilee (Nazzal)

Question 45

How many had fled Palestine during the revolt?

Answer 45

25,000 (gelber)