Palestinian refugees, PLO and Armed Struggle

Question 1

What fraction of refugee ended up in Gaza?

Answer 1

1/3

Question 2

When was the PLO formed and with what goal?

Answer 2

1964 - to sideline and contain them

Question 3

What percentage of PCOI were “infiltrators”?

Answer 3

25%

Question 4

On what did Zurayk’s foundational text blame the Palestinians’ defeat?

Answer 4

Arab backwardness vs modern industrialised West - Palestinians chubs expression of Arab moral and material collapse

Question 5

What Arabist party was distinguished by its focus on palestineV

Answer 5

MAN

Question 6

What was one of MAN’s core weaknesses?

Answer 6

Obsession with ideological rigour - doctrinaire

Question 7

Who founded MAN and when?

Answer 7

Habash, Beirut with AUB students in early 1950s

Question 8

What were the demographics of MAN’s membership?

Answer 8

Membership, if not leadership, encompassed all classes - popula base in camps and recruited in schools and universities. But overall narrow social base and increasingly sect oriented

Question 9

Who argues that the Palestinian leadership which emerged in te 1960s was radical for the whole region - new standard of leadership, organisation, mass support

Answer 9

El Rayyes and Nahas

Question 10

How different was the core ideology of PLO?

Answer 10

Not very argue El Rayyes and Nahas - as interpreted by PLO and fateh leaders. Similar to traditional liberal-bourgeois nationalism of Mandate

Question 11

Who has documented the rise of a younger, more radical and nationalist leadership in the 1970s, with 1976 mayor election triumph?

Answer 11

Ma’oz

Question 12

Who argues there was the continued inability of the national leadership to function in the OPT?

Answer 12

Yazigh

Question 13

What does khalidi argue happened in 50s and 60s?

Answer 13

Generational change - represented shift from failed elitist politics of notables - beginning of modern mass based politics. Important social change in leadership

Question 14

Who is a critical Palestinian of Arafat? Why?

Answer 14

Abureish - subservient dictator. Blames Arafat and his background for failure to negotiate a better deal. Condemns methods commonly used by Arafat including patronage, corruption, etc.

Question 15

Which Zionist historian squarely places the blame for the perpetuation of the conflict on Arafat’s shoulders?

Answer 15

Karsh - incorrigible terrorist

Question 16

Who argues that Arafat’s main success was manipulating and coordinating various groups?

Answer 16

Agha, Hussein

Question 17

What was the status of fatah/PLO by 1970?

Answer 17

Richest, most successful and structurally most sophisticated of guerrilla movements. Extensive control of PNA and PLO exec committee. Virtual state within a state in Jordan

Question 18

What are the two core tenets of Fatahs ideology?

Answer 18

Centrality of armed struggle and Palestinian identity

Question 19

What challenge was posed to pan-Arabism in 1961?

Answer 19

Syria-Egypt union ruptured

Question 20

Who argues that one of the most important of Fatahs achievements was the revival of Palestinian national identity?

Answer 20

Cobban

Question 21

What does khalidi argue was a major success in this period?

Answer 21

Recognition of PLO as sole rep of Palestinians - unrivalled and universal > unprecedented

Question 22

In what paradigmatic context does Nassar place armed struggle?

Answer 22

Colonialism and nationalism - former breeds violence when mixed with latter

Question 23

What armed group was sponsored by Syria?

Answer 23

Sa’eqa

Question 24

When were the first terrorist attacks?

Answer 24

1964

Question 25

Who or what were originally blamed for the early terrorist attacks?

Answer 25

CIA, communism, MB

Question 26

Who argues there was much debate before armed struggle was eventually approved within PLO in October 1964?

Answer 26

Frangi - many argued it was too early - needed to be a mass movement

Question 27

Name one figure who opposed resumption of armed struggle after '67?

Answer 27

Abu obeida

Question 28

What was the importance of the fedayeen according to Frangi?

Answer 28

Myth of fedayeen embodied courage and aspirations of Arab nation

Question 29

What umbrella group of guerrilla fighters was formed? What did it later become?

Answer 29

Palestine armed struggle command then Unified Command for the Palestinian resistance movement

Question 30

What covenant was revised to match commitment to armed struggle?

Answer 30

Article 9 of covenant

Question 31

Who argues that adoption of violence as chief strategic tool was unifying?

Answer 31

El Rayyes and Nahas

Question 32

Over what were there big divisions, related to armed struggle?

Answer 32

Who to target - pfLp etc favoured western imperialism not immediate enemy, zionists

Question 33

Why did the PFLP continue to use violence in the 1970s?

Answer 33

Climate of demobilisation - hoped to rekindle revolutionary spirit, destabilise security position and make voices of rejectionists heard

Question 34

When was there a major conflict with Jordan?

Answer 34

1970

Question 35

What was the Battle of Karameh popularly known as? When was it?

Answer 35

Battle of honour. 1968

Question 36

What was the significance of the Battle of Karameh?

Answer 36

Major morale boost. Aura of invincibility. Influx food new members increased military potential but also made possible greater political differentiation and establishment f political and social institutions. Est. Of politics dept with newspapers, books, etc. Political and organisation foundations laid on which PLO was build

Question 37

Who is a pro Zionist critic of the nationalist movement and its armed struggle?

Answer 37

Rubin - blind terrorism

Question 38

Who criticises Palestinian terrorism and calls it such?

Answer 38

Sayigh

Question 39

What does Sayigh argue fatah fundamentally failed to understand, with serious consequences?

Answer 39

Appeal of Zionism and nature of evolving Jewish society

Question 40

Who takes an ahistorical approach to the PLO?

Answer 40

Rubin

Question 41

What were the "benefits" of armed struggle according to Sayigh?

Answer 41

Tool of Nation building: network and infrastructure; parallel system of government with monopoly of violence; useful political currency; psychological impact for reviews esp

Question 42

Why does Frangi argue armed resistance was ineffective?

Answer 42

Without independent Palestinian leadership and political goals

Question 43

Who argues arms resistance enabled a national renaissance?

Answer 43

Gresh

Question 44

In what was the dual approach taken by fatah clearly reflected?

Answer 44

Pamphlet entitled "political and armed struggle"

Question 45

What did the PLO announce in 1974?

Answer 45

"Phased plan" - establish palestinian sovereignty on any part of land

Question 46

What did Arafat announce in 1988?

Answer 46

Recognised Israel's right to exist in peace, rejection of all terrorism, desire for peace permanent and not a tactic

Question 47

What did the PLO call for in 1981? (Fez summit peace plan?)

Answer 47

Palestinian state in g and wb and emphasis on political stuff me

Question 48

What did the PLO consider in 1982?

Answer 48

Confederation with Jordan - Nassar - highlights pragmatism and flexibility

Question 49

What was set up In Gaza, lasting between 1948-58?

Answer 49

All Palestine government

Question 50

Who identifies the exodus from Beirut in 1982 as the end of policy of violent means to achieve independence?

Answer 50

Abu Lughod - shift to sustaining, supporting and fostering national institutions in WBG while waging diplomatic struggle

Question 51

Who questions the plo's political courage in tackling the problem of armed resistance ?

Answer 51

Gresh

Question 52

When did the PLO refuse to condemn attacks by the PFLP?

Answer 52

1974