Palestine's Jewish Communities and Zionism

Question 1

What is the problem with giving Zionism a preeminence in the study of the late Ottoman period?

Answer 1

Inevitably gives colonialism a superior position in history - ethical question. Neglect of indigenous communities, both Jewish and Arab.

Question 2

What approach does Jacobson take to the late Ottoman period? What else does she challenge?

Answer 2

Inter-communal and intra-communal. Periodisation - abrupt end

Question 3

When does Jacobson argue categories became more fixated?

Answer 3

C. 1920 - categories fluid and changing rapidly in WWI too

Question 4

What do both Zionist and Palestinian narratives agree on about this period?

Answer 4

Existence of long-standing Jewish communities in Palestine. Both also marginalise local Jewish communities - no in depth assessment

Question 5

When was a turning point in Zionism-Palestine?

Answer 5

1882 - new kind of migration

Question 6

Who argues that early waves of migration were far from motivated by Zionism - but were at most meritorious in religious terms?

Answer 6

Lockman

Question 7

How can we summarise the national/collective identity of the local Jewish community?

Answer 7

Religious community with no national identity

Question 8

Who argues that like Christians, Jews made the most of the waqf to their own advantage?

Answer 8

Shaham

Question 9

Who argues that there was a growing heterogeneity of Jewish ethnic communities in this period?

Answer 9

Glass and dark

Question 10

What does Saposnik argue about Jewish/Zionist/Hebrew identity in this period?

Answer 10

Argues that a ‘Hebrew culture’ was very deliberately and self-consciously constructed as part of a process of homogenisation

Question 11

What are examples of local Jewish institutions created in this period? Name two.

Answer 11

Committee of United Zionist Federations of Palestine (1902); Hebrew Teachers’ Association (1902); General Assembly of Jews in Palestine (1903).

Question 12

Until when were goals for cultural homogeneity elusive?

Answer 12

1908

Question 13

What caused a major rift in the Jewish community? What was the long-term significance of this?

Answer 13

‘Uganda Affair’. Helped form new discourse of Zionism in Palestine and influenced character of Yishuv’s public spaces - became more national

Question 14

Who argues that Tanzimat reforms aggravated and further polarised inter-communal relationships?

Answer 14

Ma’oz

Question 15

What was the title of the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem?

Answer 15

Foremost in Zion

Question 16

What were the three leading groups of the Jewish community in this period?

Answer 16

Ashkenazi Rabbinate; Heads of Sephardic community; kollelim

Question 17

When did a new leadership emerge? What was it?

Answer 17

1910s - professional middle class with ties to Zionism

Question 18

Who was the de facto leader of the Jewish community until 1916?

Answer 18

Albert Antebi

Question 19

To what did the centre of gravity of Jewish activity shift?

Answer 19

Economic institutions and cultural organisations of New Yishuv - Jaffa as cultural and organisational centre

Question 20

What economic changes were there to the Jewish community in this period?

Answer 20

New immigrants and local entrepreneurs in coastal towns; modern commerce, real estate, transportation, asking

Question 21

Who argues that Jews were the main pioneers in introducing modern technology to Palestine?

Answer 21

Glass and Kark

Question 22

In what three sectors were Jews particular importance in the development of?

Answer 22

Commerce, agricultural, fledging industry

Question 23

How many jews were there in Jerusalem on the eve of WWI?

Answer 23

45,000

Question 24

Who emphasises the economic hardship of Jews in this period?

Answer 24

Alroey

Question 25

What does Parfitt argue?

Answer 25

That the Old Yishuv played a more central role in the creation of a Jewish entity in Palestine than has hitherto been admitted

Question 26

What percentage of all Jewish immigrants came to Palestine in 1900-1916 with Zionist motivations?

Answer 26

5%

Question 27

When did Maghrebites and Yemenites break from the Sephardic hold?

Answer 27

1860, 1908

Question 28

Who argues that the Old Yishuv suffered from internal conflicts, lack of unity and harmony, esp. in Jerusalem?

Answer 28

Glass and Kark

Question 29

Who argues there were increased intermarriages in this period?

Answer 29

Shilo

Question 30

What does Saposnik argue was central to the ‘revolution’ of the Jewish community?

Answer 30

revival of Hebrew as a national language

Question 31

How can we summarise the relationship between Palestinian Jews and Zionism?

Answer 31

mainstream identity but have own notion of what a Jewish cultural revival would look like - idea of being part of OE.

Question 32

What does Jacobson argue was popular amongst Jewish intellectuals and journalists? Name one.

Answer 32

‘Inclusive Zionism’ - supported Zionist project but also saw role of Arabs. Kalvarisky, Zionist land functionary

Question 33

Who argues that there were clashes between the revolutionary newcomers and veterans? Between 1st and 2nd generation Aliyah immigrants.

Answer 33

Saposnik

Question 34

What was the name of the ultra-Orthodox rabbi assassinated for his opposition to Zionism?

Answer 34

Jacob de Haan

Question 35

Who saw Zionism as part of a cultural revival amid secularisation?

Answer 35

Lovers of Zion

Question 36

What is one distinction we can make between first and second aliyah immigrants?

Answer 36

First farmers, second socialist pioneers

Question 37

When was the term ‘aliyah’ first used?

Answer 37

1910

Question 38

What is the problem with playing into the aliyah narrative?

Answer 38

Ignores the 1000s of Yemenite Jews that came before the ‘first’. Implies various kinds of Zionist assumptions about the nature of migrants - political value, etc.

Question 39

What does Lockman argue about early Zionist thought?

Answer 39

From the outset, Zionist thought and practice were significantly shaped by the need to come to terms with the substantial Arab population. Influence of nationalist appropriation of Jewish history and culture, and historical context - heyday of colonialism

Question 40

Waat percentage of Jews fleeing in late 19th/early 20th c. went to USA?

Answer 40

85%

Question 41

How many moshavot were there by 1900? What were they inspired by?

Answer 41

2000 - Algerian colonial model

Question 42

What is more significant than the literal absence of Arabs from early Zionist works?

Answer 42

The fact that Arabs were seen as essentially marginal to land and its destiny - inferior relationship with land. Not a coherent ethnos.

Question 43

Who was a Jewish critic of Zionism? What article did he publish? When?

Answer 43

Ahed Ha’am. ‘Truth from Eretz Yisrael’. After visiting in 1891.