Late Ottoman Palestine and Arab Nationalism Flashcards

1
Q

What does Tamari argue was in a turning point in Arab-Ottoman relations?

A

Revival of derogatory epitaphs towards Arabs - revival in ethnic tensions

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2
Q

Who launched an anti-Arabist campaign?

A

Cemal Pasha

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3
Q

Who challenges the argument that there was no specific campaign against Arab nationalism, but rather a centralising and modernising campaign, as reflected in Turkification of state schools and institutions of higher education?

A

Kayali

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4
Q

What is the motivation of Arab nationalists in their anti-Ottoman historiography?

A

‘Othering’ and positioning themselves on the right side of history - internalised Western, anti-Ottoman discourse.

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5
Q

Which two historians reflect the ‘neo-Ottomanism’ trend?

A

Tamari and Doumani

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6
Q

What is the motivation behind the revive interest in Palestine’s Ottoman past?

A

Part of writing Ottoman Palestinians back into history - cannot start in 1917. Also due to failure of pan-Arab nationalism

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7
Q

How many were in the Ottoman Empire in 1914 and what was the confessional breakdown?

A

1914 - 20 million, 80% Muslim - rest very mixed.

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8
Q

The control of which three cities was central to the standing of the Ottoman Empire? Why?

A

Hijaz, Jerusalem, Damascus - needed to control Islamic holy cites and pilgrimage roots

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9
Q

Other than its religious significance, why was Palestine important to the Ottoman Empire?

A

Commercial significance - tax revenues

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10
Q

What was the religious breakdown of Palestine in 1904?

A

89% Muslim, 10% Christian, 1% Druze.

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11
Q

By how many people did the population of Palestine increase from 1908-14? Why?

A

Over 74,000. Better security, nutrition, public health, steady economic growth

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12
Q

What are examples of ‘technologies of change’ in late Ottoman Palestine/OE?

A

Hijaz railway, telegraph (17,000miles of telegraph lines), water pumps, identity papers

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13
Q

When was an Ottoman land law introduced?

A

1858

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14
Q

What are two reasons the land law failed?

A

Assumption that fellahin would register lands; that land registry would be impartial and effective

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15
Q

What law was introduced in 1864? What was one of its main consequences?

A

Wilayat Law - creation of provinces, districts, subdistricts. Shifted role of tax collection from rural sheikhs to urban notables

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16
Q

What were two main links which enabled Palestine to stay connected to the rest of the Empire?

A

Trade links e.g. to merchants in Aleppo and Damascus and seaports. Pilgrimage too. Cultural links - AUB, magazines, dailys, books published in Beirut and Damascus

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17
Q

How were local political bonds created?

A

Ottoman Parliament and Arab political societies in later years

18
Q

What were four main ways that the West ‘intervened’ in the OE/Palestine?

A

Consulates in Jerusalem; exploration e.g. 1865 Palestine Exploration Fund; photographers; construction and tourism

19
Q

What did Lord Kitchener complete in the 1870s?

A

Survey of Western Palestine

20
Q

What is a succinct summary of whether there was a ‘Palestinian identity’ in this period and the meaningfulness of this question?

A

There was a local identity but whether it qualifies to be called nationalism is not so interesting anyway - obviously Palestinian nationalisms developed when borders were decided

21
Q

When was Jerusalem established as an independent Ottoman district? (mutasarrifiyya)When does it become an administrative unit?

A
  1. 1887.
22
Q

When did Palestinian deputies raise the issue of Zionist land purchases in the Ottoman Parliament?

A

1908-12

23
Q

What was founded in 1911?

A

Filastin

24
Q

What was the significance of the creation of an independent Jerusalem administrative unit?

A

Framework which allowed emergence of an elite which could promote the idea of a nation. Representative.

25
Q

When was there a civil war in Nablus? What was it about?

A

1841-58. Positions of civil governor and shaykh

26
Q

What enabled an increase in notable power in the late Ottoman period?

A

Needed them to implement new legal codes and new taxing procedures - consolidated power bases and roles as patrons of villages

27
Q

What was the name of the school founded by Sakakini? When was it founded? What was significant about it?

A

al-Dusturiyyeh. 1909. First secular, non-state school - radical in its politics. Humanist.

28
Q

What suggests the Ottoman affiliation of Sakakini’s school?

A

Uniform had Ottoman flag

29
Q

Who has emphasised the autonomy and power of elites in this period?

A

Muslih

30
Q

What should we emphasise about the influence of colonialism in this period?

A

Not victims of colonialism - could make the most of Western and Zionist intervention e.g. Sakakini as translator for Zionist activists.

31
Q

When did a commercial bourgeoisie begin to form?

A

After Crimean War - esp. after 1867.

32
Q

To what does Scholch attribute economic growth in this period?

A

EU economic penetration of south/easts Med periphery; incorporation into global economic system; improved security situation after 1850s.

33
Q

What three roles were played by local and foreign merchants?

A

Landowners, moneylenders, tax farmers

34
Q

What were the major crops in this period?

A

Wheat, sesame, olive oil, barley

35
Q

How many factories were there in Palestine before WWI and how many were owned by Arabs?

A
  1. 75%.
36
Q

Who settled in Haifa, when?

A

350 Templars - after 1867

37
Q

What did the Ottoman Map from 1914 show?

A

Palestine as an administrative unit - was not - mutasariflik of Jerusalem

38
Q

What did the ottomans publish in 1915? What was it?

A

Filastin Risalesi - official army publication/handbook

39
Q

What has Tamari pointed out about the 1915 ottoman map?

A

Includes towns beyond the M of J - Akka, Nablus, Galilee region

40
Q

Who argues that the Naqab is excluded from the 1915 ottoman map because the area south of Beersheba was considered wilderness?

A

Foster

41
Q

What does Doumani argue about the different historiographies of the ottoman Period?

A

Operate within a single discourse - narrow, similar periodisation, agreement on active forces of change

42
Q

What has Campos stressed existed for most of this period? What happens by wwi?

A

Civic ottomanism - pressures begin to unscramble the omelet