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The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system made up of

A

brain

spinal chord

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made up of

A

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of 2 parts, what are they. are they voluntary or involuntary

A

somatic nervous system (voluntary)

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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5
Q

what is the somatic nervous system divided into

A

motor (skeletal muscle)

sensory (pain, temp, touch, pressure, special senses)

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6
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic (fight or flight)

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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7
Q

what is a neurone

A

a single nerve cell (basic functional unit of the nervous system)
relays information between different regions of the CNS and PNS

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8
Q

draw and label an neurone

A

draw it

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9
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bindle of axons carrying information from the CNS to the rest of the body or vice versa

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10
Q

nerves enter and leave the CNS from the brain and spinal cord, how many nerves arise from each

A

12 pairs from the brain (cranial nerves)

31 pairs from the spine (spinal nerves)

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11
Q

draw the brain and label it

A

draw it

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12
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for

A 
maintenance of... 
balance
posture
muscle tone
coordinates movement
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13
Q

what is the brain stem responsible for (3 things)

A

1) continuous with the spinal cord, everything from body to brain goes through brain stem
2) crainial nerves III-XII arise from brain stem
3) contains vital centres such as cardiovascular and respiratory centres

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14
Q

what is the diencephalon responsible for (3 things)

A

made up of the…
thalamus (relay station for sensory information)
hypothalamus (homeostasis)

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15
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body
It has 2 hemispheres (made up of sulci - dip & gyri - peak)
cortex - outermost layer made up of grey matter
connecting fibres - white matter
basal ganglia - grey matter (control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviours or “habits” such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion)

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16
Q

what is the name of the gap in between the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure (groove, natural division)

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17
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum and what is each lobe responsible for

A

frontal lobe - movement, intellect, social judgement)
parietal lobe - sensory cortex (sensation and taste)
temporal lobe - auditory cortex (hearing)
occipital lobe - visual cortex

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18
Q

look at and poss draw ‘organisation of cerebrum’ image on page 3 of The Nervous System slides

A

draw it

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19
Q

what are the meninges

A

membranes that envelope the CNS

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges from outer to inner

A

Dura matter - tough, durable, stops brain rotating
Arachnoid mater - lots of fibers
Pia mater - fine covering

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21
Q

where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain

A

between the arachnoid mater and pia mater and contains CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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22
Q

what is the ventricular system

A

the ventricles are interconnecting chambers that produce CFS (bathes the brain)

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23
Q

what are the 3 functions of CFS

A

1) acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain’s cortex,
2) providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull,
3) serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.

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24
Q

describe the blood supply to the brain main up of

A

blood supplied to the brain by the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

communicating arteries connect the branches of these vessels to form the ‘Circle of willis’

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25
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there and what kind of nerves are they
12 pairs (10 from he brain stem) May carry motor fibres, sensory fibres or both (4 pairs also carry parasympathetic fibres)
26
what is the spinal cord supported and protected by
the vertebral column
27
at what point does the spinal chord terminate
at the conus medullaris (level L1)
28
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many from which part of the spine do they branch from
``` 31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
29
what are the 3 layers of spinal meninges from the outside in
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
30
what is the conus medullaris and cauda equina
conus medullaris: the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. | cauda equina: a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots
31
draw both the spinal cord images (page 5 of The Nervous system)
draw it
32
what does the somatic nervous system do
interaction with the outside world e.g eyes, ears, balance
33
what are neuroglia
cells that support neurons, provide nutrition
34
why is grey matter grey
contains nerve cell bodies
35
why is white matter white
contains axons
36
does the nervous system have internal connective tissue for support
no - its has supporting cells called neuroglia
37
what are the 4 types of neurones (look at images)
no axon bipolar unipolar multipolar
38
nerve cells communicate with...
other nerve cells muscle glands
39
what does a mylinated axon mean
faster conduction
40
what is the name of the cells which produce myelin
peripheral NS - Schwann cells | Central NS - oligodendrocytes
41
how do nerve cells communicate with each other
electrical signals called action potentials
42
describe the resting membrane potential
inside the neurone is negative compaired to the outside (polarised at -70 to -80 mV) lots of sodium (Na+) outside
43
what are the 3 stages of depolarisation
sodium channels open (na+) sodium moves in inside then becomes positive
44
what are the 4 stages of repolarisation
sodium channels close potassium channels open potassium moves out return of electrical potential to -ve inside
45
action potentials are known as what meaning they do not fire unless a certain voltage is reached
'all or none'
46
what does the presynaptic neurone release into the chemical synapse
neurotransmitter
47
what is the autonominc nervous system made up of
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
48
what are the neurotransmitters at both the pre and post ganglions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic: pre - acetylcholine, post - noradrenaline parasympathetic: pre - acetylcholine. post - acetylcholine
49
what is a ganglion
a ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system
50
what is the autonomic nervous system
is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system that functions largely below the level of consciousness to control visceral functions,[1] including heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), sexual arousal, breathing and swallowing. Most autonomous functions are involuntary but they can often work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system which provides voluntary control.
51
when is sympathetic nervous system most active
during exercise or stress
52
what happens during the fight or flight response
``` increased HR increased BP increased blood flow to muscle pupil dilation bronchial dilation inhibition of GI peristalsis ```
53
what kind of receptor accepts acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter
cholinergic receptors - either nicotinic or muscarinic receptor (different mode of action) muscarinic = parasympathetic, nicotinic = both
54
what kind of receptor accepts noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter
adrenergic receptors - Alpha or Beta (eg beta 2 = bronchioles)
55
what does nicotine to
stimulates nicotinic receptors which are found in the CNS, ANS ganglia and neuromuscular junction
56
what is a ligand
eg: acetycholine or noradrenalin - something that binds to a receptor
57
in the sympathetic nervous system the paravertebral ganglia go from the what to the what
thoraco-lumba outflow spinal cord to the vessels of the skin, skeletal muscle, sweat glands
58
in the sympathetic nervous system the prevertebral ganglia go from the what to the what
thoraco-lumba outflow spinal cord to the eye, salivary gland, bronchi, heart, adrenal gland, gut, renal/hepatic vessels, bladder, genitalia
59
which gland is associated with the sympathetic nervous system
adrenal gland (adrenal medulla) adrenal medulla derived from neuronal tissue. releases mostly Adrenaline but some Noradrenaline
60
how does cocaine work?
enhances sympathetic effects by prolonging action of neurotransmitter Noradrenaline (and serotonin and dopamine)
61
what is the parasympathetic nervous system said to be associated with
'rest and digest'
62
what happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated
``` decreased heart rate increased GI motility bronchial constriction pupil constriction gastric acid secretion ```
63
what are muscarinic receptors blocked by (antagonist)
atropine
64
what are nicotinic receptors blocked by (antagonist)
curare
65
what are the autonomic effector tissues
``` Eye skin kidney vessels skeletal muscle vessels Heart (rate/stroke volume) respiratory tract (bronchioles) ```
66
where is the location of the ganglia in sympathetic nervous system
paravertabral
67
where is the location of the ganglia in parasympathetic nervous system
close to the effector
68
is the sympathetic nervous system anabolic or catabolic
catabolic (fight or flight)
69
is the parasympathetic nervous system anabolic or catabolic
anabolic (rest & digest)
70
where is the outflow from the spinal cord for the parasympathetic nervous system
Cranio - sacral outflow Cranio (medullary) - eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, upper GI Sacral - lower GI tract, bladder, kidneys, genitalia
71
in the parasympathetic NS where do nerves leave the spine
cranio-sacro outflow to the eye salivary glands, heart, lungs, upper GI, lower GI, bladder, kidney genitalia

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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