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anatomy and physiology > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system made up of

A

brain

spinal chord

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3
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made up of

A

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of 2 parts, what are they. are they voluntary or involuntary

A

somatic nervous system (voluntary)

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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5
Q

what is the somatic nervous system divided into

A

motor (skeletal muscle)

sensory (pain, temp, touch, pressure, special senses)

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6
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic (fight or flight)

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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7
Q

what is a neurone

A

a single nerve cell (basic functional unit of the nervous system)
relays information between different regions of the CNS and PNS

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8
Q

draw and label an neurone

A

draw it

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9
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bindle of axons carrying information from the CNS to the rest of the body or vice versa

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10
Q

nerves enter and leave the CNS from the brain and spinal cord, how many nerves arise from each

A

12 pairs from the brain (cranial nerves)

31 pairs from the spine (spinal nerves)

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11
Q

draw the brain and label it

A

draw it

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12
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for

A 
maintenance of... 
balance
posture
muscle tone
coordinates movement
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13
Q

what is the brain stem responsible for (3 things)

A

1) continuous with the spinal cord, everything from body to brain goes through brain stem
2) crainial nerves III-XII arise from brain stem
3) contains vital centres such as cardiovascular and respiratory centres

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14
Q

what is the diencephalon responsible for (3 things)

A

made up of the…
thalamus (relay station for sensory information)
hypothalamus (homeostasis)

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15
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body
It has 2 hemispheres (made up of sulci - dip & gyri - peak)
cortex - outermost layer made up of grey matter
connecting fibres - white matter
basal ganglia - grey matter (control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviours or “habits” such as bruxism, eye movements, cognition and emotion)

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16
Q

what is the name of the gap in between the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

longitudinal fissure (groove, natural division)

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17
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum and what is each lobe responsible for

A

frontal lobe - movement, intellect, social judgement)
parietal lobe - sensory cortex (sensation and taste)
temporal lobe - auditory cortex (hearing)
occipital lobe - visual cortex

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18
Q

look at and poss draw ‘organisation of cerebrum’ image on page 3 of The Nervous System slides

A

draw it

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19
Q

what are the meninges

A

membranes that envelope the CNS

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges from outer to inner

A

Dura matter - tough, durable, stops brain rotating
Arachnoid mater - lots of fibers
Pia mater - fine covering

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21
Q

where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain

A

between the arachnoid mater and pia mater and contains CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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22
Q

what is the ventricular system

A

the ventricles are interconnecting chambers that produce CFS (bathes the brain)

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23
Q

what are the 3 functions of CFS

A

1) acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain’s cortex,
2) providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull,
3) serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.

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24
Q

describe the blood supply to the brain main up of

A

blood supplied to the brain by the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

communicating arteries connect the branches of these vessels to form the ‘Circle of willis’

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25
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there and what kind of nerves are they

A

12 pairs (10 from he brain stem)
May carry motor fibres, sensory fibres or both
(4 pairs also carry parasympathetic fibres)

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26
Q

what is the spinal cord supported and protected by

A

the vertebral column

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27
Q

at what point does the spinal chord terminate

A

at the conus medullaris (level L1)

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28
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how many from which part of the spine do they branch from

A 
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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29
Q

what are the 3 layers of spinal meninges from the outside in

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

30
Q

what is the conus medullaris and cauda equina

A

conus medullaris: the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.

cauda equina: a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots

31
Q

draw both the spinal cord images (page 5 of The Nervous system)

A

draw it

32
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

interaction with the outside world e.g eyes, ears, balance

33
Q

what are neuroglia

A

cells that support neurons, provide nutrition

34
Q

why is grey matter grey

A

contains nerve cell bodies

35
Q

why is white matter white

A

contains axons

36
Q

does the nervous system have internal connective tissue for support

A

no - its has supporting cells called neuroglia

37
Q

what are the 4 types of neurones (look at images)

A

no axon
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

38
Q

nerve cells communicate with…

A

other nerve cells
muscle
glands

39
Q

what does a mylinated axon mean

A

faster conduction

40
Q

what is the name of the cells which produce myelin

A

peripheral NS - Schwann cells

Central NS - oligodendrocytes

41
Q

how do nerve cells communicate with each other

A

electrical signals called action potentials

42
Q

describe the resting membrane potential

A

inside the neurone is negative compaired to the outside (polarised at -70 to -80 mV)
lots of sodium (Na+) outside

43
Q

what are the 3 stages of depolarisation

A

sodium channels open (na+)
sodium moves in
inside then becomes positive

44
Q

what are the 4 stages of repolarisation

A

sodium channels close
potassium channels open
potassium moves out
return of electrical potential to -ve inside

45
Q

action potentials are known as what meaning they do not fire unless a certain voltage is reached

A

‘all or none’

46
Q

what does the presynaptic neurone release into the chemical synapse

A

neurotransmitter

47
Q

what is the autonominc nervous system made up of

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

48
Q

what are the neurotransmitters at both the pre and post ganglions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

sympathetic: pre - acetylcholine, post - noradrenaline
parasympathetic: pre - acetylcholine. post - acetylcholine

49
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system

50
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system that functions largely below the level of consciousness to control visceral functions,[1] including heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), sexual arousal, breathing and swallowing. Most autonomous functions are involuntary but they can often work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system which provides voluntary control.

51
Q

when is sympathetic nervous system most active

A

during exercise or stress

52
Q

what happens during the fight or flight response

A 
increased HR 
increased BP
increased blood flow to muscle
pupil dilation
bronchial dilation
inhibition of GI peristalsis
53
Q

what kind of receptor accepts acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

A

cholinergic receptors - either nicotinic or muscarinic receptor (different mode of action) muscarinic = parasympathetic, nicotinic = both

54
Q

what kind of receptor accepts noradrenaline as its neurotransmitter

A

adrenergic receptors - Alpha or Beta (eg beta 2 = bronchioles)

55
Q

what does nicotine to

A

stimulates nicotinic receptors which are found in the CNS, ANS ganglia and neuromuscular junction

56
Q

what is a ligand

A

eg: acetycholine or noradrenalin - something that binds to a receptor

57
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system the paravertebral ganglia go from the what to the what

A

thoraco-lumba outflow spinal cord to the vessels of the skin, skeletal muscle, sweat glands

58
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system the prevertebral ganglia go from the what to the what

A

thoraco-lumba outflow spinal cord to the eye, salivary gland, bronchi, heart, adrenal gland, gut, renal/hepatic vessels, bladder, genitalia

59
Q

which gland is associated with the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal gland (adrenal medulla)
adrenal medulla derived from neuronal tissue.
releases mostly Adrenaline but some Noradrenaline

60
Q

how does cocaine work?

A

enhances sympathetic effects by prolonging action of neurotransmitter Noradrenaline (and serotonin and dopamine)

61
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system said to be associated with

A

‘rest and digest’

62
Q

what happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated

A 
decreased heart rate
increased GI motility
bronchial constriction
pupil constriction
gastric acid secretion
63
Q

what are muscarinic receptors blocked by (antagonist)

A

atropine

64
Q

what are nicotinic receptors blocked by (antagonist)

A

curare

65
Q

what are the autonomic effector tissues

A 
Eye
skin
kidney vessels
skeletal muscle vessels
Heart (rate/stroke volume)
respiratory tract (bronchioles)
66
Q

where is the location of the ganglia in sympathetic nervous system

A

paravertabral

67
Q

where is the location of the ganglia in parasympathetic nervous system

A

close to the effector

68
Q

is the sympathetic nervous system anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic (fight or flight)

69
Q

is the parasympathetic nervous system anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic (rest & digest)

70
Q

where is the outflow from the spinal cord for the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Cranio - sacral outflow

Cranio (medullary) - eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, upper GI
Sacral - lower GI tract, bladder, kidneys, genitalia

71
Q

in the parasympathetic NS where do nerves leave the spine

A

cranio-sacro outflow to the eye salivary glands, heart, lungs, upper GI, lower GI, bladder, kidney genitalia

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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