Cells and tissues/homeostasis

Question 1

name 4 types of tissue

Answer 1

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

Question 2

what is a eukaryote, describe it

Answer 2

multi-celled organism
nucleus with DNA
Extensive organelles
large (10-40?)

Question 3

what is a prokaryote, describe it

Answer 3

single celled organism
no nucleus
no organelles
small (1-5?)
hereditary material in cytoplasm

Question 4

draw/ label a cell

Answer 4

draw it

Question 5

what does the plasma membrane do

Answer 5

defines boundries
interactions with other cells
controls flow of substances (selectively permeable)

Question 6

what is cytosol/cytoplasm

Answer 6

viscous fluid in which water, ions, organelles and proteins are suspended

Question 7

what is the nucleus

Answer 7

control centre
contains chromosomes which carry genetic info - DNA
contains nucleolus - RNA

Question 8

what is mitosis

Answer 8

cell division necessary for growth, regeneration

Question 9

what is meiosis

Answer 9

cell division necessary for sexual reproduction

Question 10

what is endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

rough: protein synthesis
smooth: lipid synthesis

Question 11

what is Golgi complex

Answer 11

carbohydrate modification

packing, modifying and sorting proteins into vesicles

Question 12

what are mitrochondria responsible for

Answer 12

energy production - ATP synthesis

Question 13

What are Lysosomes responsible for

Answer 13

contain enzymes to break down small food stuffs and destroy unwanted proteins

Question 14

what are secretory granules and how do they function

Answer 14

contain products to be released into cells eg insulin, amylase
granules bind to the plasma membrane and their contents are released by exocytosis

Question 15

what are tissues

Answer 15

aggregation of cells with a specialised structure/function

Question 16

name 4 types of tissue and what are they specialised to do

Answer 16

epithelium - covering
connective - support
muscle - movement
neural - communication, control

Question 17

describe epithelia…
what are their 2 functions
where they are found
what are they supported by

Answer 17

layers of closely bound cells which form a protective barrier and control absorption and secretion

covering internal and external surfaces, linings of cavities and tubes

supported by a basement membrane

Question 18

what are the 3 different shapes of epithelial

Answer 18

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

Question 19

what are epithelial cells called if there are made up of only one layer

Answer 19

simple

Question 20

what are epithelial cells called if there are made up of two layers

Answer 20

stratified

Question 21

what would a simple squamous epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

Answer 21

one layer think, flat surface cells

exchange of nutrients and gases

blood vessels, alveoli

Question 22

what would a stratified squamous epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

Answer 22

multi-layered, flat surfaced cells

protection, barrier

oral cavity, anus, vagina…

Question 23

what would a keritinised stratified squamous epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

Answer 23

multi-layered, flat surfaced cells, keratin layer (protein)

protection, waterproof

skin, hair, animal footpad

Question 24

what would a simple columnar epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

Answer 24

one layer thick, tall cells with basally located nuclei

absorption and secretion

gastrointestinal tract

Question 25

what would a modified simple columnar epithelial look like what would be its function give an example of where you'd find one

Answer 25

one layer thick, tall cells with basally located nuclei, surface modifications e.g microvilli absorption and secretion gastrointestinal tract

Question 26

what would complex columnar epithelial look like what would be its function give an example of where you'd find one

Answer 26

appear stratified, all cells touch basement membrane, modifications - cilia and goblet cells mucociliary escalator trachea and large respiratory airways

Question 27

draw cells picture on page 8 of cells slides and label what cells are and where found

Answer 27

draw

Question 28

draw cells picture on page 8 of cells slides and label

Answer 28

draw

Question 29

what are the 2 types of connective tissue

Answer 29

connective tissue - supporting tissue (non-living material) specialised connective tissue - bones and cartilage, ligament, adipocytes, blood

Question 30

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 30

skeletal cardiac smooth

Question 31

what are the 3 types of neural tissue

Answer 31

afferent - CNS (sensory neurons) efferent - CNS (effector cells - motor neurons) interneurons - connect neurons

Question 32

what is homeostasis

Answer 32

stability of the body's internal environment

Question 33

what are the 4 processes involved in the homeostasis cycle...sensory receptor cells, ?...,?

Answer 33

1) sensory receptor cells 2) integrating centre (CNS) 3) effector (muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells) 4) change in variable

Question 34

use temperature as a n example of the 4 stage homeostasis cycle

Answer 34

1) sensory receptor - receptors in skin 2) integrating centre - hypothalamus 3) effector - blood vessels - dilate, sweat glands - secrete fluid 4) change in variable - temp increase or decrease

Question 35

use blood pressure as an example of the 4 stage homeostasis cycle

Answer 35

1) sensory receptor - baroreceptor 2) integrating centre - medulla oblongata 3) effectors - Heart rate - stroke volume increase, blood vessels - vasoconstriction 4) change in variable - BP increase or decrease

Question 36

homeostasis can involve positive feedback (self amplifying) - give 2 examples

Answer 36

blood clotting and child birth

Question 37

define negative feedback

Answer 37

response decreases effect of original stimulus

Question 38

define positive feedback

Answer 38

response increases effect of original stimulus

Question 39

what does the integrative centre do

Answer 39

converts synaptic to humoral (hormonal) signal

Question 40

what does the hypothalamus do

Answer 40

controls hormone secretions from the pituitary gland

Question 41

how does the body combat stress using homeostatic control mechanisms - 5 steps

Answer 41

1) stress! 2) hypothalamus releases Corticotrophin Releasing hormone 3) actos on the anterior pituitary to produce Adrenocortocotropic Hormone (ATCH) 4) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol 5) which activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways e.g heart, muscle, GI tract, blood vessels * cortisol inhibits corticotrophin releasing hormone! NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Question 42

how is prolactin release regulated by homeostatic control mechanisms - 3 steps

Answer 42

1) Prolactin releasing factor released from hypothalamus 2) stimulates release of prolactin from the pituitary 3) which stimulates mammary gland to produce milk *Prolactin inhibits prolactin releasing factor and stimulates prolactin inhibiting hormone from ?

Question 43

how is prolactin release regulated by homeostatic control mechanisms

Answer 43

1) Prolactin releasing factor released from hypothalamus 2) stimulates release of prolactin from the pituitary 3) which stimulates mammary gland to produce milk *Prolactin inhibits prolactin releasing factor and stimulates prolactin inhibiting hormone from ?

Question 44

use blood clotting as an example of positive feedback

Answer 44

1) damage to blood vessel 2) Activation of clotting factors 3) activation of thrombin 4) formation of blood clot thrombin stimulates more clotting factors