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anatomy and physiology > Cells and tissues/homeostasis > Flashcards

Cells and tissues/homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

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2
Q

what is a eukaryote, describe it

A

multi-celled organism
nucleus with DNA
Extensive organelles
large (10-40?)

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3
Q

what is a prokaryote, describe it

A 
single celled organism
no nucleus
no organelles
small (1-5?)
hereditary material in cytoplasm
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4
Q

draw/ label a cell

A

draw it

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5
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A

defines boundries
interactions with other cells
controls flow of substances (selectively permeable)

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6
Q

what is cytosol/cytoplasm

A

viscous fluid in which water, ions, organelles and proteins are suspended

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7
Q

what is the nucleus

A

control centre
contains chromosomes which carry genetic info - DNA
contains nucleolus - RNA

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8
Q

what is mitosis

A

cell division necessary for growth, regeneration

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9
Q

what is meiosis

A

cell division necessary for sexual reproduction

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10
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough: protein synthesis
smooth: lipid synthesis

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11
Q

what is Golgi complex

A

carbohydrate modification

packing, modifying and sorting proteins into vesicles

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12
Q

what are mitrochondria responsible for

A

energy production - ATP synthesis

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13
Q

What are Lysosomes responsible for

A

contain enzymes to break down small food stuffs and destroy unwanted proteins

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14
Q

what are secretory granules and how do they function

A

contain products to be released into cells eg insulin, amylase
granules bind to the plasma membrane and their contents are released by exocytosis

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15
Q

what are tissues

A

aggregation of cells with a specialised structure/function

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16
Q

name 4 types of tissue and what are they specialised to do

A

epithelium - covering
connective - support
muscle - movement
neural - communication, control

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17
Q

describe epithelia…
what are their 2 functions
where they are found
what are they supported by

A

layers of closely bound cells which form a protective barrier and control absorption and secretion

covering internal and external surfaces, linings of cavities and tubes

supported by a basement membrane

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18
Q

what are the 3 different shapes of epithelial

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

19
Q

what are epithelial cells called if there are made up of only one layer

A

simple

20
Q

what are epithelial cells called if there are made up of two layers

A

stratified

21
Q

what would a simple squamous epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

A

one layer think, flat surface cells

exchange of nutrients and gases

blood vessels, alveoli

22
Q

what would a stratified squamous epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

A

multi-layered, flat surfaced cells

protection, barrier

oral cavity, anus, vagina…

23
Q

what would a keritinised stratified squamous epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

A

multi-layered, flat surfaced cells, keratin layer (protein)

protection, waterproof

skin, hair, animal footpad

24
Q

what would a simple columnar epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

A

one layer thick, tall cells with basally located nuclei

absorption and secretion

gastrointestinal tract

25
Q

what would a modified simple columnar epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

A

one layer thick, tall cells with basally located nuclei, surface modifications e.g microvilli

absorption and secretion

gastrointestinal tract

26
Q

what would complex columnar epithelial look like
what would be its function
give an example of where you’d find one

A

appear stratified, all cells touch basement membrane, modifications - cilia and goblet cells

mucociliary escalator

trachea and large respiratory airways

27
Q

draw cells picture on page 8 of cells slides and label what cells are and where found

A

draw

28
Q

draw cells picture on page 8 of cells slides and label

A

draw

29
Q

what are the 2 types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue - supporting tissue (non-living material)

specialised connective tissue - bones and cartilage, ligament, adipocytes, blood

30
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

31
Q

what are the 3 types of neural tissue

A

afferent - CNS (sensory neurons)
efferent - CNS (effector cells - motor neurons)
interneurons - connect neurons

32
Q

what is homeostasis

A

stability of the body’s internal environment

33
Q

what are the 4 processes involved in the homeostasis cycle…sensory receptor cells, ?…,?

A

1) sensory receptor cells
2) integrating centre (CNS)
3) effector (muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells)
4) change in variable

34
Q

use temperature as a n example of the 4 stage homeostasis cycle

A

1) sensory receptor - receptors in skin
2) integrating centre - hypothalamus
3) effector - blood vessels - dilate, sweat glands - secrete fluid
4) change in variable - temp increase or decrease

35
Q

use blood pressure as an example of the 4 stage homeostasis cycle

A

1) sensory receptor - baroreceptor
2) integrating centre - medulla oblongata
3) effectors - Heart rate - stroke volume increase, blood vessels - vasoconstriction
4) change in variable - BP increase or decrease

36
Q

homeostasis can involve positive feedback (self amplifying) - give 2 examples

A

blood clotting and child birth

37
Q

define negative feedback

A

response decreases effect of original stimulus

38
Q

define positive feedback

A

response increases effect of original stimulus

39
Q

what does the integrative centre do

A

converts synaptic to humoral (hormonal) signal

40
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

controls hormone secretions from the pituitary gland

41
Q

how does the body combat stress using homeostatic control mechanisms - 5 steps

A

1) stress!
2) hypothalamus releases Corticotrophin Releasing hormone
3) actos on the anterior pituitary to produce Adrenocortocotropic Hormone (ATCH)
4) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
5) which activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways e.g heart, muscle, GI tract, blood vessels

  • cortisol inhibits corticotrophin releasing hormone! NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
42
Q

how is prolactin release regulated by homeostatic control mechanisms - 3 steps

A

1) Prolactin releasing factor released from hypothalamus
2) stimulates release of prolactin from the pituitary
3) which stimulates mammary gland to produce milk

*Prolactin inhibits prolactin releasing factor and stimulates prolactin inhibiting hormone from ?

43
Q

how is prolactin release regulated by homeostatic control mechanisms

A

1) Prolactin releasing factor released from hypothalamus
2) stimulates release of prolactin from the pituitary
3) which stimulates mammary gland to produce milk

*Prolactin inhibits prolactin releasing factor and stimulates prolactin inhibiting hormone from ?

44
Q

use blood clotting as an example of positive feedback

A

1) damage to blood vessel
2) Activation of clotting factors
3) activation of thrombin
4) formation of blood clot

thrombin stimulates more clotting factors

anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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